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‘Aen ueiddy eur 


LATIN LESSONS 


BY 


Mo OMIT H 


HIGH SCHOOL, GALESBURG, ILLINOIS 


Omne tulit functum qui miscutt utile dulci. — HORACE 


ALLYN AND BACON 
Boston and Chicago 


COPYRIGHT, 1913, 
BY M. L. SMITH. 


TDO 


Nortooon jBress 
J. S. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co, 
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 


ET PREFACE 


Tur author has had four chief aims in the preparation of 
this book: to make the Latin language seem alive; to make 
the first year's study of value for general eulture; to minimize 
the diffieulties of beginning Latin; to prepare thoroughly for 
the second year's work. 


I. To make Latin seem alive :— 

Every lesson contains familiar quotations and special work 
on derivatives to show how much Latin still lives in our 
own language. 

A host of familiar Latin phrases and sayings are introduced. 
Each chapter begins with a quotation. 

A special appendix emphasizes the value of Latin in science, 
mathematies, and especially in English. 


V9 IL. No effort has been spared to make the book of value 
for general culture to those who go no farther than 
the first year, as well as for those who continue the 
study of Latin. 

The commonest Latin quotations are given and fully ex- 
plained. 

Interesting stories of Rome bring out ideals of old Roman 


mL virtue. 
Over sixty illustrations, and a number of descriptions, give 
an idea of the life of the people and cf the City of Rome. 


b. ; 

- IIL To minimize the difficulties of the first year: 

The number of constructions is small, but there are a great 
many sentences for drill. 


3892744 


n 
at 


iv PREFACE 


The vocabularies of the lessons contain a total of only 569 
words— an average of only eight words to a lesson. 
The principles of English grammar are restated and referred 
to constantly in direct connection with the Latin rules. 
Specific directions for translating are given in connection 
with the exercises. 

The accent is marked in the vocabularies and paradigms. 

Each rule is simply worded and is illustrated by English 
sentences followed by the Latin. 

Not only the forms, but the rules of syntax, are summarized 
in the appendix. 


IV. To prepare thoroughly for the second year the fol- 
lowing features have been made prominent: 

Practically all the words occur in Caesar. 

Phrases used by Caesar are given for oral work. 

Sentences from Caesar are frequent, and their number in- 
creases toward the end of the book. | 

The most interesting parts of the Gallic War are given in 
the appendix, together with notes and a map. 

The learning of forms is a prominent feature of each chapter. 

The Subjunctive is introduced gradually and with great care. 

Reviews — fifteen in all—contain Derivative Work, Word 
Drill, Form Drill, Syntax Drill, Review Sentences, and 
Roman Stories for sight reading. 

In the selection of vocabulary and syntax, Tad oes s “ Word 
List" and Byrne's “Syntax of High School Latin” have 
been closely followed. | 

The entire book is the outgrowth of classroom work. It has 
been thoroughly tested for several years in the author's 


classes. 


M. L. SMITH. 
GALESBURG, ILLINOIS, 
April, 1013. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

List oF ILLUSTRATIONS .. : : : . A : OX 

INTRODUCTION. : : A ; ; Í : : AIME 
LESSON 

I. THe Latin LANGUAGE ; : : om . 1 

II. First DECLENSION ; - : ; : ; ; 3 

III. PRESENT INDICATIVE . : : : ; ^ : D 

IV. Srconp DECLENSION . : : : : : : 8 

V. Srconp DECLENSION, NEUTER. ADJECTIVES . SU 5: 

VI. Principat Parts OF VERBS. INDIRECT OBJECT . 16 

VII. Apgectives (Continued). ABLATIVE OF MEANS. 21 

VIII. ‘Perrect TENSES. EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE . vu gD 

IX. ReEvIEw. ; J ; : : : i ; 245790 

X. TuHiRD DECLENSION ; ; : : : : 521509 


XI. Turrp DECLENSION. ABLATIVE OF ÁCCOMPANIMENT 35 


XII. Tuinp DEcLENSION. SECOND CONJUGATION . 30S 
XIII. Turrp DEcLENSION. I-sTEMS . : ; : cua 
XIV. REVIEW. j 2 : t : : : ; NIE Yi 
XV. PassrvkE Voice. ABLATIVE OF AGENT . i een act 
XVI. Tuinp DECLENSION ADJECTIVES ; : r 0004 
XVII. Turrp DECLENSION ADJECTIVES (Continued) . toe 
XVIII. Stconp ConysuGATION, PASSIVE . : : LOUP Hen Ent 
XIX. REvriEw : , ; : ; i : : JD 
XX. Possum. COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE . : «04 
XXI. THuinp CoNJUGATION. APPOSITION . : : e 800 
XXII. Tuirp CoNJUGATION. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE . LIU 


V 


LESSON 


XXIII. 
XXIV. 
AV Yn 
XXVI. 
XXVII. 
XXVIII. 
XXIX. 
XXX. 
XXXI. 
XXXII. 
XXXIII. 
XAT VS 
XXXV. 
DO WIL 
XXXVII. 
XXXVIII. 
XXXIX. 
XL. 
XLI. 
XLII. 
AXTJAT 
XLIV. 
XLV. 
XLVI. 
XLVII. 
XLVIII. 
XLIX. 


CONTENTS 


THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE . : ‘ 
REVIEW 

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES IN -er AND -lis 
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 

FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 
REVIEW 

FourtTH DECLENSION. GENITIVE OF THE WHOLE 
FirrH DrEcLENSION. DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES 
FouRTH CONJUGATION . 

FourtTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE . 


ADJECTIVES OF PECULIAR DECLENSION 


REVIEW 


INFINITIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE 
Duo AND Trés. 

TurRD CoNJUGATION VERBS IN -i0 
NUMERALS 


PREPOSITIONS . 


REVIEW 


PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE . 

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (Continued) 
SEQUENCE OF TENSES 

DEPONENT VERBS 


SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT 


“REVIEW 


RELATIVE PRONOUN 
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS 
PERSONAL PRONOUNS . 
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 

Ferd AND ITS COMPOUNDS 
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS . 


DouBLE QUESTIONS 6 : ; i 


PAGE 


72 
75 
77 
80 
85 
86 
89 
91 
94 
97 
100 
102 
105 
108 
112 
115 
ELA 
119 
121 
124 
127 
130 
193 
136 
139 
141 
144 
147 
150 
153 
155 
158 


CONTENTS 
LESSON 
LV. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 
LVI. REvIEwW 
LVII. PARTICIPLES 
LVIII. ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 
LIX. SuBJUNCTIVE WITH cum 
LX. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES . 
-LXI. Review 
LXII. IMPERATIVES. COMMANDS 
LXIII. Volo, nolo, malo. Dative or PuRPOSE 
LXIV. SEMI-DEPONENTS. DATIVE OF POSSESSOR 
LXV. GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 
LXVI. PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS 
LXVII. IwPERSONAL VERBS 
LXVIII. Rervrew or Casks 
LXIX. Review or Cases (Continued) 
LXX. ReEvIEw or SUBJUNCTIVES 
LXXI. Inprrect Discourse. GENERAL RULES 
APPENDIX 


ENGLISH AND LATIN 


An English-Latin Letter 

Latin in Science 

State Mottoes . : 

Latin Words in the AE NER 
Latin Phrases . : 
Abbreviations from Latin Words 


Latin Quotations . 3 ; à - 
SoNas 
Flevit uy Parvulus .. : i : 


Dies Festus Hodie! . 
Domine Salvam Fac 
Gaudeamus Igitur . . . : 


Integer Vitae . . . . . . . 


viii | CONTENTS 


INFLECTIONS . : ; : : ; 
RuLEs or SYNTAX : " : : Y 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR AS AN AID TO THE STUDY OF LATIN 
SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY . 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY . : . ° : 


INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


The Appian Way 


A Roman Trumpet 

Roman Writing Materials. | 

Roman Manuscripts . 

Legatus 

Storming a Town 

Via Appia. 

The Appian Way M P. im e 
Wall and Ditch. ; ; 
Roman Standards and ed Bearers . 
Roman Sword and Javelin 


. The Colosseum seen through the Arch of Titus 

. A Roman Candelabrum 

. A Roman Street Scene — (Barber Shop of Licinius) 
. Imperator . 

. Caesar 


Soldiers of the fen 
The Roman Arena at Verona 


. A Roman Gate. : 

. The Temple of Vesta at ES. 

. A Roman Aqueduct in Southern France. 
.. Roman Centurion 

. A Roman Ship . 

. A Roman Altar 

. The Porta San Paolo 

. A Street in Pompeii : 

. Roman Bow, Arrow, and Javelin 
. Roman Boxers . 

. Roman Cavalry 

. A Bridge near Rome 

. A Roman Triumph 


ix 


Frontispiece 


facing 


facing 


PAGE 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


. Caesar’s Famous Bridge across the Rhine 


The Arch of Titus at Rome 


. Light-armed Roman Soldier 

. Cicero : : : 

. Cornelia and Her Jewels . i 

. The Central Court of a House in Pompeii 


The Goddess Juno 


. The Way of the Tombs, in Pome: 
. The Forum. in Ancient Rome .  .. 
. A Roman in the Toga 

. A Roman Altar 

. The Tarpeian Rock at Rome 

. Augustus Caesar 

. The Roman Forum To- sai 

. The Arch of Constantine at Rome 

. The Forum at Pompeii i 
. The Ruins of Trajan's Villa near Rome . 
. A Roman Sword : 

. A Roman Sword in its Sheath. 

. Spring — an Ancient Festival 

. The Roman Goddess Minerva . 

. A German Bodyguard 

. A Roman Urn . 

. Roman Arms 


A Roman Chariot Race 


. The Colosseum : 


Catiline 


. The Court of a Roman House . 

. The Temple of Apollo in Pompeii 

. A Vestal Virgin. 

. Julius Caesar. (From a Bust i in Nisies) 
. The Tomb of Emperor Hadrian at Rome 
. The Colosseum at Rome . 


Map of Italy and Gaul 


facing 


103 
104 
106 
107 


OT 


facing 


facing 
facing 


. Cicero delivering the First of his PIQUE Orations against 


facing 


. following 


123 
125 
128 
135 
138 
143 
146 
146 
152 
157 
159 
160 
163 
166 
174 


179 
181 
194 
197 
202 
204 
206 
262 


INTRODUCTION 


THE ALPHABET 


The Latin alphabet is the same as the English, except that 
it has no j and no w. I is generally a consonant between 
vowels, and at the beginning of a word before a vowel: eius, 
iubeo. 

(a) The vowels are a, e, i, 0, u, y. 

(b) The diphthongs are ae, au, oe, ei, eu, ui. 

(c) The double consonants are x (= cs or gs) and z (= ds). 


PRONUNCIATION 
VOWELS 


The quantity of a vowel refers to the length of time given to 
its pronunciation. A vowel is either long or short. Twice as 
much time should be given to the pronunciation of a long vowel 
as to a short one. A long vowel is marked ~. "The sounds are 
as follows : | 


LONG SHORT 
a as in father: latus. a as in idea: ab. 
e as in they: late. e as in net: et. 
I as in machine: dico. i as in cigar: in. 
6 as in old: mons. o as in wholly: rosa. 
ti as in rude: mürus. u as in put: sub. 
DIPHTHONGS 
ae like ai in aisle: prae. ei like ei in reign: hei. 
au like ow in how: laudo. eu like eu in feud: neuter. 
oe like oi in oil: proelium. ui like we: cui (kwe). 


£i. 


xii INTRODUCTION 


CONSONANTS 


c like c in can: castra. ~ 

g like g in get: gerd. 

s like s in yes: consul. 

t like ¢in tin: tertia. (Never soft like sh.) 

v like w in went: ventus. 

z like dz in adze. 

i (consonant) has the sound of y in yet: iubeo. 

ch has the sound of £: pulcher. 

bs and bt have the sound of ps and pt: urbs, obtineo. 


QUANTITY OF VOWELS 


The quantity of vowels should be learned by observation. 
A few rules, however, are given: 
(a) A vowel is long before nf, ns, nx, and nct; also when it is the 


result of contraction. 
(^) A vowel is short before another vowel or h, and before nd or nt. 


SYLLABLES 


There are as many syllables in Latin words as there are 
vowels or diphthongs, mi'les, lau'dant, pu el'la, per sua'de. 

In the division of words into syllables, 
(a) A single consonant goes with the following vowel; as in fe'ró. 


(5^) If two or more consonants are between two vowels, the division 
is generally made before the last consonant, as ma gis'ter. 


QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES 


A syllable is long or short, according to the time required 
in pronouncing it. | 
(a) A syllable is long if it contains a long vowel or a diphthong. 
(5) A syllable is generally long if it contains a short vowel followed 


by two or more consonants or by z or z. 
(c) Otherwise a syllable is short. 


INTRODUCTION xlil 


ACCENT 


(a) Words of two syllables are always accented on the first, as 
mén’sa. 

(^) Words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult 
(the next to the last) if that is a long syllable, otherwise on 
the antepenult (the one before the penult): RO mà nó'rum, 
in'co lae. 


GENDER ! 


The gender of the great majority of Latin nouns is deter- 
mined by the ending of the nominative singular. The rules 
for the gendereof such nouns are given with the various de- 
clensions. The following general rules, however, may be a 
help to pupils in determining gender: 


(a) Names of males, rivers, winds, and months are masculine. 
(^) Names of females, countries, towns, islands, and trees are femi- 


nine. 
(c) Indeclinable nouns, infinitives, phrases, and clauses used as nouns 
are neuter. 


1 Compare $ 667, a. 


I IBENSSIBE SIS ONS 


LESSON I 


THE LATIN LANGUAGE 
Labor omnia vincit.— Work wins everything.* | 


1. Latin and English. — Latin was the language of the 
people who inhabited ancient Latium. The chief city of 
Latium was Rome. ‘The conquests of the Romans made 
Latin the prineipal language not only of Italy but of all 
Western Europe. The modern languages of Italy, France, 
Spain, and Portugal are directly derived from Latin. 

About half our English words have a Latin origin, 
and many Latin terms are used in law, medicine, and the 
sciences. Aside from these terms many other Latin 
words come directly into English without any change of 
‘form whatever, as labor and animal. But most come in- 
directly into English; they are derived from the different 
forms which Latin words assume in various constructions. 
It is necessary to know these forms in order to read 
Latin, and it is of great practical value in English to know 
them, so that we may quickly recognize the spelling and 
meaning of words by comparing them with their Latin 
equivalents. 


2. Latin nouns have six cases: the nominative, genitive, 
dative, accusative, vocative, and ablative. The table 


* Literally: Labor conquers ali things. The motto of Oklahoma. 
1 


2 LATIN LESSONS 


below shows their uses and their English equivalents. 


Latin case Use in the sentence English case 

Nominative | Subject Nominative 

Genitive To denote possession | Possessive or the objective 
and so on with of 

Dative Indirect object The objective with to or for 

Accusative Direct object Objective 

Vocative Case of address Nominative independent 

Ablative Adverbial phrases The objective with by, from, 

in, on, with, etc. 


3. Tell what case in Latin is wsed to express each noun 
in the followinó sentences : 


1. Work wins everything. 2. The boy’s books are on the 
table. 3. Mark gave his pencil to his sister. 4. Caesar was 
an enemy of the Gauls. 5. The girl gave her friend Julia a 
gift. 6. Lucius, give your sister that book on the tablé. 


4. Latin Forms. Declension. — In English the form of 
a noun changes only in the possessive and the plural.’ 
The objective is like the nominative, and the same form is 
used with a preposition to show other relations. 

In Latin a noun usually changes its form not only for 
the possessive and plural, but for the objective case as 
well. And many uses which in English are indicated by 
prepositions are shown in Latin by changing the form of 
the noun. These changes in the form are made by add- 
ing certain endings to a permanent part of the word 
which we call the base. ‘To decline a noun is to give all 
its different forms in their regular order, These forms 
taken together are called the declension of a noun. 


LESSON II 


FIRST DECLENSION 
Experientia docet. Experience is the best teacher.* 


9. Nouns of the first declension end in -a in the nomina- 
tive and in -ae in,the genitive. They are feminine, except 
a few which are obviously masculine from their meaning ; 
as agricola, farmer. 


6. Tu'ba, fem., a trumpet. BASE, tub- 
SINGULAR PLURAL 

TERMINA- TERMINA= 
CASES TIONS TIONS 
Nom. tu'ba, a trumpet a tubae, . trumpets ae 
Gen. tu’bae, ofatrumpet ae | tuba'rum, of trumpets arum 
Dat. tu'bae, toatrumpet ae | tu'bis, to trumpets is 
Acc. tu'bam, a trumpet am | tu'bàs, trumpets as 
Abl. tu'bà by orwith a à tu'bis, by or with is 

trumpet : trumpets 


(a) The vocative case is omitted in the paradigms, since it is generally 


like the nominative. 
(b) The base is obtained by dropping the termination of the genitive 
singular: tubae, base tub-. 


rg VOCABULARY 
agri'cola, -ae,! m., farmer. K 4 pictü'ra, -ae, f., picture. — 
a/qua, -ae, f., water. / ®&~ provin’cia, provin'ciae, f., prov- 
Gallia, Gal’liae, f., (aul. 3 Puro 
littera, -ae, f., letter (of the al-*1^ — ter'ra, -ae, f., earth, land. 3 
phabet) ; pl., letter, epistle. tu’ba, -ae, f., trumpet. 3 


* Literally: £Exeperience teaches. 
1 In the vocabularies the genitive singular ending is placed after the nomi- 


native to indicate the declension. 


3 


4 LATIN LESSONS 


8. What Latin words do the following suggest ? 
aquatic terrestrial literature agriculture 


(a) Decline these nouns like tuba. Avoid accenting the last syllable. 


EXERCISES 


9. Pronounce, $ive case and number, and translate :! 


1. Gallia. 2. Litteris (two ways) 3. Terra. 4. Pro- 
vinciae (three ways). 5. Agricolarum. 6. Galliam. 7. Terra. 
8. Tubarum. 9. Tubae (three ways). 10. Pictüràs. 


10. Translate; mark all long vowels in written work: 


1. With the farmers. 2. Of Gaul. 3. In the provinces. 
4. The earth (acc.). 5. The farmers (acc.). 6. Of the water. 
7. For the provinces. 8. With a trumpet. 9. By a letter. 
10. Of the pictures. 


1 There is no word in Latin for a, an, or £he. Translate tuba, trumpet, 
M SE TA 
a trumpet, the trumpet, according to the sense. 


D > 
| \ 
mn \ 
UAM “| 


\ 
‘Yuba QU 


vnu 


Roman Writing Materials. 


LESSON III 


PRESENT INDICATIVE 


Excelsior.— Onward and upward.* 


11. The person of a Latin verb is shown by its ending, 
which is called the personal ending. On account of these 
personal endings, it is not necessary for a verb to have its 


pronoun subject expressed. 


The following are the regular personal endings of the 


active voice: 


SINGULAR PLURAL 

First Person. -6or-m, I. -mus, we. 
Second Person. -s, thou, you. -tis, you. 
Third Person. +t, he, she, it. -nt, they. 

12. Por’t6, J carry 

Present Indicative Active 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
1. por'to, I carry. l. porta’mus, we carry. 
2. por'tas, you carry. 2. porta'tis, you carry. 


9. por'tat, he carries. 3. por'tant, they carry. 


Note. — Latin has no progressive or emphatic forms. Porto means 


I carry, I am carrying, I do carry. 


13. VOCABULARY 
fá'bula, -ae, f., story. 
lin'gua, -ae, f., tongue, language. - 
memo’ria, memo’riae, f., memory. 


pa'tria, pa'triae, f., country, native land. 


puella, -ae, f., girl. 
sil'va, -ae, f., forest, woods. 


(a) Decline each of these nouns like tuba. 


(b) Conjugate each of the verbs like porto. 


a'mo, I love. 
lau'd6, J praise. 
nàr'ro, I tell: 
oc/cupa, 7 seize. 
pa’r6, I prepare. 
por'to, 7 carry. 
pug'no, J fight. 


* The motto of New York State and the title of a poem by Longfellow. 


Literally: Higher. 
5 


6 LATIN LESSONS 


14. What Latin words do the followin$ suggest? 


fable linguist patriot silvan 
laud narrate portable pugnacious 
RULES 


15. Subject.— The subject of a finite verb is in the 
nominative case. 
The girl loves. Puella amat. 
The farmers are fighting. Agricolae pugnant. 
16. Direct Object. — The direct object is in the accusa- 


tive case. 
I am telling a story. Fabulam narro. 
We love our native land. Patriam amamus. 


17. Agreement of Verb. — A verb agrees with its subject 
in person and number. 


The girls are telling the story. Puellae fabulam narrant. 
The farmer is carrying the letters. Agricola litteras portat. 


EXERCISES 
18. Translate, and óive the construction? of each noun: 


(a) 1. Agricola patriam amat. 2. Galliam occupat. 3. Lau- 
damus. 4. Silvis. 5. Fabulas nàrrátis.: 

(b) 1. Linguis. 2. Pugno. 3. Pietüram portat. 4. Pro- 
vinciam occupatis. 5. Paramus litteràs. 


19. Translate, marking all long vowels : 

(a) 1. You (plural) fight. 2. They praise (their)? native 
land. 3. Welove. 4. I am carrying the trumpets. 5. The 
farmers carry water. 


1 Notice that the regular Latin order is subject, object, verb. 
2 By construction we mean the case and rule. 
8 Words in parenthesis are not to be translated. 


PRESENT INDICATIVE "i 


(b) 1. Agirlistelling the story. 2. They seize the prov- 
ince. 3. We are seizing Gaul. 4. She carries the pictures. 
5. You (singular) are preparing a letter. 


20. Latin Questions. — When asking a question which 
may be answered either by yes or by no, append -ne to the 
emphatie word, usually the first word. 

The answer yes or no may be expressed by repeating 
the sentence to express an affirmative answer, or by re- 
peating it with the negative word nón, not, to express a 
negative answer. 


ORAL EXERCISE 


21. Answer these questions im Latin, taking care to 
chan$e the person of the verb when necessary : 


1. Portàsne litterds? 2. Fabulasne nàrrat? 3. Amàsne 
patriam? 4. Puellasne laudatis? 5. Portone litterds ? 


^), 
Lae Mia yin 


It 
“Ninny 11 


I, 
“Duly A 
p 


^, 
ny, Lead CU 
7j 
es Nnivuinin — 
tj, : 
I HM ULM 
"I, : un 


p, 
11777777972 


Roman Manuscripts. 


LESSON IV 


SECOND DECLENSION 
Errare humanum. est. —To err is human. 


22. There are five declensions of Latin nouns. They 
are distinguished by the ending of the genitive singular. 
Nouns of the second declension end in -i in the genitive 
singular. They are masculine if they end in -us, -er, or 
-ir in the nominative singular. 


23. Ami'cus, m., friend. Pu'er, m., boy. A'ger, m., field. 


BASE, amic- BASE, puer- BASE, agr- 
SINGULAR D tas 
TIONS 
Nom. | ami'eus pu'er ager us,— 
Gen. ami'ci pu'eri a’ ori I 
Dat. ami'co pu’erd a’ ord o 
Ace. ami'cum pu'erum a'grum um 
AU. ami'có pu'eró a'gró 5 
PLURAL 

Nom. | ami'ci pu'eri a/gri I 
Gen. aniico'rum pueroó'rum agro'rum orum 
Dat. ami'eis pu'eris a’ gris Is 
Ace. ami'cos .pu'eros a/gros os 
ABL. ami’cis pu'eris a'gris Is 


(a) Nouns of the second declension ending in us like amicus have the 
vocative singular in -e, as amice, O friend ! 

(b) Filius and proper nouns ending in -ius, form their vocative sin- 
gular in -1 instead of -ie. 

Nouns of the second declension ending in -ius and -ium regularly form 
their genitive singular in -1 instead of -ii. "The accent rests on the penult. 


8 


SECOND DECLENSION 9 


24. Conjugation of sum, Jam. An irregular verb. 


Present Indicative Active 


SINGULAR PLURAL 

1. sum, Jam. sumus, we are. 

2. es, thou art (you are). estis, you are. 

9. est, he, she, it is. sunt, they are. 

25. VOCABULARY 

a'ger, a'gri, m., field. nün'tius, nün'ti, m., messenger. 
ami’cus, -I, m., friend. . pu'er, -1, m., boy. 
e'quus, e'qui, m., horse. vir, -1, m., man. 
léga’tus, -, m., lieutenant, ambas- sum, J am. 

sador. et, conjunction, and. 


26. What Latin words do the followinó swóóest? 


legate puerile amicable 
equine virile : agrarian 
RULES 


27. Possession. — Possession is denoted by the genitive 


Case. 
The man’s horse. Equus viri. 
A friend of the ambassador. Amicus légati. 


28. Predicate Nominative. — A noun used in the pred- 
icate after an intransitive verb is in the nominative 
case. This is called the predicate nominative.! Adjec- 
tives and pronouns are used in this construction the 
same as nouns, and are called predicate adjectives and 
predicate pronouns. 


The boy is a messenger. Puer est nüntius. 
The girl's friend is a lieutenant. Amicus puellae légatus est. 


. 1 Compare the English, § 670. 


10 LATIN LESSONS 


EXERCISES 
29. Read the Latin and translate: 


(a) 1. Sumusamici. — 2. Nüntirsuntagrieolae. 3. Ami- 
cus pueri est légatus. 4. Agricola et légatus amici sunt.! 
5. Narras fabulas. 

(b) 1. Viri sunt légati. 2. Amieus 
puellae agricola est. 3. Légati pugnant 
et Galliam occupant. 4. Légatus nüntium 
laudat. 5. Puer litteras légati portat. 


30. Translate, óivin$ special atten- 
tion to noun and verb endings: 


(a) 1.. You are farmers. 2., The hoy 
and the girl are friends. 3. The farmer’s 
native landis Gaul. 4. Iam a messenger. 
5. We seize the provinces. 

(b) 1. The boys carry  trumpets. 
2. The girl praises the boy's memory. 
3. The farmers are carrying the lieuten- 
ants’ letters. 4. The boy and the girl 
praise the farmer's horses. 5. 'The messenger is the man's 
friend. 


Legatus, 


ORAL EXERCISE 
3l. Answer these questions in Latin, TRAE care to 
change the person of the verb when necessary: 


1. Estne vir légatus? 2. Amicine sumus? 3. Laudasne 
equum amici? 4. Légatine estis? 5. Esne amicus viri? 


1 Why plural? Compare § 701, a. 


LESSON V 


SECOND DECLENSION, NEUTER. ADJECTIVES 
Multum in parvo.— Much in little. 


32. Nouns of the second declension which end in -um 
in the nominative singular are neuter. 


33. Neuter nouns of all deciensions have the nominative 
and accusative cases alike, and in the plural these cases 
always end in -a. 


34. Bel'lum, n., war. Bask, bell- 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
Nom. bellum um bel/la a 
Gen.  bel/li I bell6/rum orum 
Dat. bello o bel/l1s 1s 
Acc.  bel'lum um bel'la a 
Abl. — bel'lo 6 bel’ lis 1s 


35. Latin Adjectives. — Latin adjectives are declined 
like nouns and, in order to agree with their nouns in gen- 
der, they have a masculine, a feminine, and a neuter 
form. 


36. Adjectives of the first and second declensions have 
their feminine forms like nouns of the first declension, 
and their masculine and neuter forms like masculine and 
neuter nouns of the second declension. 

Y 


12 


LATIN LESSONS 


37. Mag'nus,! great, large. 
SINGULAR 
MASCULINE FEMININE 
Nom. mag'nus mag'na 
Gen.  mag'ni mag'nae 
Dat. magno magnae 
Acc. mag/num mag/nam 
Abl. mag'nd magna 
PLURAL 
Nom. mag!ni mag/nae 
Gen. magnd/rum magna'rum 
Dat. | mag'nis mag'nis 
Acc. | mag'nos mag'nàs 
Abl. | mag'nis magnis 


BASE, magn- 


NEUTER 
mag/num 
magni 
mag'nó 
mag'num 
mag/no 


mag/na 
magnd/rum 
mag’nis 
mag'na 
magnis 


What is the vocative singular of magnus? See §§ 6, a, 


and 28, a. 


38. 


al'bus, al'ba, al'bum, white. 
bo'nus, bo/na, bo'num, good, 


kind. 


lon'gus, lon'ga, lon'gum, /ong, 


tall. 
mag/nus, mag/na, 
great, large. 


par'vus, par'va, par'vum, small, 


little. 


VOCABULARY 


mul'tus, mul/ta, mul'tum, much ; 
plural, many. 


bel'lum, -1, n., war. 


do'num, -1, n., gift, present. 


frümen'tum, -1, n., grain. 
mag/num,  op'pidum, -I, n., town. 
ro'sa, -ae, f., rose. 


vi'a, vi'ae, f., way, road. 
vo'co, I call. 


39. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


magnify 


multiply donate 


vocation 


1 No other forms are used so constantly and in so many different ways 
They should be learned so that they ‘‘say them- 


as those in this section. 


selves."' 


ADJECTIVES 13 


RULE 
40. Agreement of Adjectives with Nouns. — An adjec- 
tive agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case. 


The boy is small. Puer parvus est. 
The farmers are good. Agricolae boni sunt. 


Notice that the adjective does not always end like the 
noun. Agricolae, although of the first declension, is mas- 
culine from its meaning, so boni is masculine, nominative, 
plural, to agree with it. 


ow 


Light i y e pn Iri i 
2d er 
oM d 29) 


TUA 
j m 


Storming a Town. 


EXERCISES 
41. Translate, giving the reason for the endinó of each 
adjective: 
(a) 1. Tuba magna est. 2. Multa bella longa sunt. 


3. Multum frimentum portámus. 4. Memoria pueri bona est. 
5. Puer parvus fábulàs multàs narrat. 


1This is true whether the adjective is in the predicate or directly attached 
to the noun. 


14 LATIN LESSONS 


(b) 1. Vir bonds litterás pueri parvi laudat. 2. Nüntius 
pueros bonós vocat. 3. Puellae rosás albas amant. 4. Vir 
agros agricolarum laudat. 5. Multa oppida magna sunt. 


Via Appia. 


49. Review carefully 88 15, 16, 17, 27, 28, and. 40, and 
translate, marking all long vowels: 

(a) 1. The gifts are large. 2. The men seize the town. 
3. The man’s trumpet is large. 4. The good farmers are 
preparing (their) fields. 5. You are a good friend. 

(b) 1. The towns are large. 2. The messenger’s horse is 
small 3. Gaul is large. . 4. The small boy is (my) friend. 
5. The roses are white. 6. The lieutenant loves (his) country. 


ORAL EXERCISE 
43. Answer these questions in Latin: 


1. Equusne pueri magnus est? 2. Bellane longa sunt ? 


ADJECTIVES 15 


3. Bonine viri pugnant ? 4. Estne ager agricolae parvus ? 
5. Legatine multa oppida occupant ? 
Via Appia! 


44. Pictiira est pulchra. Pictira Viae Appiae est. Via 
Appia antiqua via est. Via Appia est longa et alba. Aquae- 
ductus aquam non portat. Aquaeductus ruina est. 


The Appian Way farther from Rome. 


The paving blocks in the foreground were laid by the Romans twenty-two centuries ago 
and are still in good condition. 


Arbores sunt in agro. Sunt frimenta? in agris. Vir frü- 
mentum in (to) oppidum portat. Via Appia pulchra est. 


1 For new words refer to the general vocabulary at the back of the book. 
2 Used in the plural to indicate standing grain. 


LESSON VI 


PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS. INDIRECT OBJECT 
Da dextram misero. — Lend a hand.* 


45. The Principal Parts of a Latin verb are the Present 
Indicative, Present Infinitive, Perfect Indicative, and Per- 
fect Participle. ‘These are called principal parts because 
when they are known all forms of the verb may readily 
be found. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Perf. Part. 
por'to porta’re porta’vi porta'tus 

(a) Form the principal parts of amé, laudé, occupo, 
paro, porto, narro. 

46. Verb Stems. — The fixed parts of a verb, to which 
the different endings are added, are called stems. Every 
regular verb has three stems: present, perfect, and parti- 
cipial, corresponding to its principal parts. 


47. 'To find the present stem of a verb drop re from the 
present infinitive active: portare; stem, porta-. 


48. Verbs are said to be of the first conjugation when 
the present infinitive ends in -are. The stem ends in 4-. 


49. Each form of the present indicative is composed of 
the present stem plus the proper personal ending. 


Present Indicative 


por'to, I carry. porta’mus, we carry. 
por'tas, you carry. porta'tis, you carry. 
por'tat, he carries. por'tant, they carry. 


(a) Notice that 4 of the stem is dropped before -6 in the first person 
singular and that 4 becomes short before -t and -nt. 


* Virgil. Literally: Give the right hand to the unfortunate. 
16 


PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS LT 


50. The imperfect! indicative is formed by the present 
stem plus the tense sign -ba- plus the personal endings. 


Imperfect Indicative 


porta/bam, J was carrying. 
porta'bàs, you were carrying. 
porta/bat, he was carrying. 


portaba’mus, we were carrying. 

portaba’tis, you were carrying. 

orta/bant, they were carrying. 
, 


(a) The personal ending -m is always used for the first person sin- 
gular of the imperfect tense in the active voice. 


51. The future indicative is formed by the present stem 


plus the tense sign -bi- plus the personal endings. 


The i of 


the tense sign is dropped before the personal ending -6 in 
the first person singular, and appears as u before the end- 
ing -nt in the third person plural. 


Future Indicative 


porta'bo, J shall carry. 
porta’bis, you will carry. 
porta’bit, he will carry. 


porta/bimus, we shall carry. 
porta/bitis, you will carry. 
porta/bunt, they will carry. 


52. VOCABULARY 


diligen'tia, -ae, f., diligence, care. 


fos'sa, -ae, f., ditch. 

Gal/li, -o'rum, m., Gauls. 

mü'rus, -1, m., wall. 

ser'va, -ae, f., female servant, 
slave. 

ser'vus, -1, m., male servant, slave. 

sig'num, -1, n., signal, standard. 

altus, -a, -um, high, deep, tall. 


sum, esse, fu/I, 7 am. 
c6/l6, céla/re, célà'vi, céla’tus, - 


I conceal. 

do,  da're, de/di, , da’tus,? 
I give. 

vul'neró, vulnerà/'re, vulne- 


rà'vi, vulnera’tus, J wound. 
in, prep. with abl., in, on: 
sed, conjunction, but. 


(a) Compare Gallia and Galli; serva and servus. 


l'The imperfect indicative represents an act as going on in past time or as 


repeated in past time. 


2 This verb has short a in the present stem, except in the forms d&s. the 


imperative Ga, and the participle dans. 


18 . LATIN LESSONS 


53. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


mural vulnerable sign - dative 
servant altitude diligent viaduct 


Nhat 
Wi 
— 


ju 


Wall and Ditch. 


DRILL ON VERB FORMS 
94. Analyze! each form and translate: 


(a) 1. Vulnerabam, vocábis, amatis. 2. Parat, portamus, 
occupabunt. 3. Damus, laudabat, vocábunt. 4. Pugnabis, 
narrabant, amamus. 5. Vulnerabit, occupabimus, dabunt. 

(b) 1. Parabas, laudabatis, célabimus. 2. Occupant, vul- 
nerabit, dabitis. 3. Porto, laudabit,amabunt. 4. Vulnera- 
bamus, vulnerábitis, das. 5. Narrabam, celàbo, vulneráàtis. 


509. Translate: 


(a) 1. We are calling, he will call, I am calling. 2. They 
will fight, I was fighting, we shall fight. 3. They are, they 
are concealing, they were concealing. 4. You were praising, 


1To analyze a verb form divide it into stem, tense sign, and personal 
ending. Notice that the verb is translated from right to left. 
porum bam | I was carrying. 
carrying was I | 
I shows the person and number, was the tense, and carrying the mean- 
ing of the simple verb. 


PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS 19 


we shall praise, they praise. 5. I shall give, you (plur.) are 
giving, they will give. 

(b) 1. You (sing.) were telling, we shall tell, he tells. 
2. We are, we are carrying, they will carry. 3. We shall 
prepare, you are preparing, we were preparing. 4. I am, I 
eall, I shall call. 5. We were seizing, they seize, he gives. 


RULE 


56. Indirect Object. — The indirect object is expressed 
. by the dative case." 
The farmer gives a horse to the boy. Agricola puero equum dat. 


The lieutenant is giving the messenger a signal. Légatus nüntio 
signum dat. 


EXERCISES 

57. Translate: 

(a) 1. Vir servo signa dabit. 2. Légato fábulàs narratis. 
3. Agricolae boni equis frimentum dabunt. 4. Viri amicis 
dona dabant. 5. Viris fabulam longam narrabo. 

(b) 1. Diligentia pueri est magna. 2. Sumus boni servi. 
3. Mürus oppidi est altus. 4. Agricolae in silvis equos 
célabant. 5. Galli in Gallia pugnabant. 


Note. — The indirect object is generally placed before the direct object. 


58. Translate: 


(a) 1. The friends of the Gauls are many. .2. The wall is 
high, but the ditch is small. 3. The wars in Gaul are long. 
4. The boy will give a present to (his) friend. 5. The girls 
were telling stories to the boys. 

(6) 1. We shall seize the towns in the province. 2. The 
man will praise the diligence of the boys and girls. 3. We 
were wounding the Gauls. 4. The walls of many towns are 
high. 5. The slaves conceal the standards. 


1 Compare § 714, a. 


20 LATIN LESSONS 


ORAL EXERCISE 


59. Answer these questions in Latin: 

1. Dabisne bono pueró ddnum? 2.’ Servusne equos célabit ? 
3. Puerine in agro magné sunt? 4. Nüntiusne Gallis signum 
dabat? 5. Galline in multis bellis pugnàbant ? 


tls (d S NS 
Ab RE, 
Nie. 5 QR 
yell uS E ha 
Ay ae 
yah 1 
M \ 
[ Aw 
(/ Z 


LA 
I A 


PB 
A t 
| 


LA 


Up. L| 
p; M 


je / 


‘Gey ) 
/ AN 
TRU yg 
Y ei UA 


LD her sou az: = 


Roman Standards and Standard Bearers. 


LESSON VII 


ADJECTIVES. ABLATIVE OF MEANS 


Alis volat propriis. —She flies with her own wings.* 


60. Miser, wretched. BAsk, miser- 
SINGULAR 
MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER 

Nom. mi'ser mi'sera | mi'serum 

Gen. mi'serl mi'serae mi/seri 

Dat. mi'serO e mi'serae mi'seró 

Acc. mi'serum . mi'seram mi'serum 

Abl. mi'seró mi'serà mi'seró 

| 
PLURAL 

Nom. mi'seri mi'serae mi'sera 

Gen. miser6/rum misera/rum miser6/rum 

Dat. mi'seris mi'serlIs mi'seris 

Acc. mi'seros mi/seras mi'sera 

Abl. | mi'seris mi'seris mi'seris 

61. Pulcher, beautiful. BaAsE, pulchr- 
SINGULAR 

Nom. pul'cher pul/chra pul'chrum 

Gen. pul'chri pulchrae pul'chrt 

Dat. pulchro pul/chrae pul'chro 

Acc. pul'chrum pul'chram pul/chrum 

Abl. pul'ehro pul'chra pul'echróo 

i PLURAL 

Nom. pul'chri pul'chrae pul/chra: 

Gen. pulchró'rum pulchrá'rum pulchró'rum 

Dat. pul'chris pul’chris pul’chris 
Acc. pul'ehros pul/chras pul'chra 

Abl. pulchris pul'ehris pul'chris 


* The motto of Oregon. Used for to stand on one's own feet. 
al te 


DO LATIN LESSONS 


62. Conjugation of sum, Jam. An irregular verb. 


Imperfect 

e/ram, J was. erà'mus, we were. 

e/ras, you were. erá'tis, you were. 

e/rat, he was. e/rant, they were. 

Future 

e r6, I shall be. e'rimus, we shall be. 

e'ris, you will be. e/ritis, you will be. 

erit, he will be. e/runt, they will be. 

* 
63. VOCABULARY 

do'mina, -ae, f., mistress, lady. ca/rus, -a, -um, dear. 
do/minus, -I, m., master, lord. fi/dus, -a, -um, faithful. 
gla'dius, gla/di, m., sword. li/ber, -era, -erum, /ice. 
li'ber, li'bri, m., book. ma'lus, -a, -um, bad. 
magis'ter, -tri, m., teacher. mi'ser, -a, -um, wretched, unhappy. 
Mar'cus, 3, m., Marcus. ni'ger, -gra, -grum, black. 
nu'merus, -I, m., number. pul'cher,-chra,-chrum, beautiful. 
pi'lum, -i, n., javelin. non, adverb, not. 


non'ne, interrogative particle expecting the answer yes. 
num, interrogative particle expecting the answer no. 


(a) Compare domina and dominus; liber and liber. 


64. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


gladiator library liberty miserable 
dominant numerous magistrate fidelity 
RULE 


65. Ablative of Means or Instrument. — Means or instru- 
ment is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. 
They fight with javelins. Pilis pugnant. 


The servant wounds the master with a sword. Servus gladio domi — 
num vulnerat. 


ADJECTIVES 98 


EXERCISES 


66. Translate, naming the case of each noun and $iv- 
ing the reason for the use of that case: 


—« (a) 1. Marcus gladiolongo pugnabit. 2. Galli tuba légato 
signum dabunt. 3. Gladio Marcum vulnerábimus. 4. Li- 
beri viri eràmus. — 5. Servi pilis et gladiis pugnabant. 


Roman Sword and Javelin. 


(6) 1. Malus dominus eris. 2. Equus niger viri in silva 
est. 3. Libri magistri erant pulchri. — 4. Servi miseri domi- 
nos malos non amant. 5. Servae fidae dominam caram 


amabant. 


67. Translate, marking all long vowels: 

(a) 1. I shall be a faithful teacher. 2. Many Gauls are 
free. 3. The black slaves were wretched. 4. The bad 
master fights with a javelin. 5. With the trumpet we shall 
give the signals to the men. 

(6) 1. I shall conceal the black horse in the forest. 2. The 
books were beautiful. 3. The faithful messenger was giving 
the signal to the lieutenant. 4. You (plur.) will tell the 
story to (your) friends. 5. (There) was a large number of 
boys and girls in the town. ; 


68. Interrogative Particles. — When a negative answer 
is expected, the question is introduced by num; when an 
affirmative answer is expected, the question is introduced 
by nónne.! | 

lIn Latin nOn in nonne, just as not in English, is used to show that an 
affirmative answer is expected. Are not the slaves faithful? Nonne servi 
fidi sunt? 


24 LATIN LESSONS 


ORAL EXERCISES 


69. Answer these questions tn Latin. 

1. Nonne légàti pilis pugnant? 2 Num servi miseri 
erant? 3. Estne numerus Gallorum in oppido magnus? 
4. Eratne pilum viri longum? 5. Nonne viri gladiis pugna- 
bunt ? 


The Colosseum seen through the Arch of Titus. 


Compare this with the pictures on pages 82 and 206, 


LESSON VIII 


PERFECT TENSES.! EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE 
E pluribus unum. — Out of many, one.* 


70. To find the perfect stem, drop i from the perfect 
indicative active — portavi; stem, portàv-. 

The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in- 
dicative active are formed from the perfect stem. 


71. The perfect tense, indicative in the active voice, 
has characteristic personal endings. 


SINGULAR PLURAL 
First Person -I -imus 
Second Person -isti -istis 

Third Person | -it -érunt (-ére) 


72. Perfect tense = perfect stem + the characteristic per- 
sonal endings. 

Pluperfect tense = perfect stem + tense sign era + regular 
personal endings. ; 

Future perfect tense = perfect stem J-tense sign eri-r 
regular personal endings. 


Perfect Indicative Active 


793. | I have carried, I carried, I did carry? 

(a) porta/vi porta/vimus 
portavis/ti portavis'tis 
porta'vit portavé/runt (-6/re) 


* The motto of the United States. 
1 Compare §§ 695-700. 
2 The perfect indicative represents an act as completed at the time of 
speaking (has carried), or merely as having occurred in past time (carried). 
25 


26 LATIN LESSONS 


Pluperfect Indicative Active 


I had carried 


(6) porta/veram portavera’/mus 
porta/veras portavera’tis 
porta'verat porta'verant 


Future Perfect Indicative Active 


I shall have carried 


(c) porta/vero portave'rimus 
porta/veris portave'ritis » 
porta/verit porta/verint 


(d) Following the same laws, conjugate sum through 
the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative 
tenses, § 591. 


EXERCISES ON VERB FORMS 


74. Analyze each form: 


(a) 1. Pugnaverat, pugnabunt, pugnavisti. 2. Paràábat, 
parat, paraverint. 3. Occupavi, occupabam, occupaverit. 
4. Dedimus, dant, dederas. 5. Célabit, célavisti, célavérunt.” 

(b) 1. Vocabamus, vocaveritis, vocavistis. 2. Laudaverat, 
laudamus, laudavero. 3. Eràmus, fuerint,fuérunt. 4. Fuisti, 
fueràs, fuerit. 5. Parabant, dedere, vocabo. 


75. Translate: 


(a) 1..I have called, you were calling, you will call. 
2. We shall have given, he gave, they had given. 3. You 
had wounded, they will have wounded, we are wounding. 
4. They have seized, we shall seize, he seizes. 5. They 
will have prepared, I.shall prepare, we prepare. 

(b) 1. You have told, I had told, they told. 2. They | 
have been, he was, you will have been. 3. They had been, 
we shall be, I have been. 4. You have been, he had been, 
we shall have been. 5. You are, we had been, I am. 


PERFECT TENSES rie 


RULE 
.16. Place. — In general, place is expressed as follows : 


Place 2» or on which — in with the ablative case. 
Place from which —à or ab with the ablative case. 
Place out of which —é or ex with the ablative case. 
Place into which — in with the accusative case. 
Place to which — aa with the accusative case. 


Note. — Ab and ex must be used before a vowel or h; before conso- 
nants ab or a, ex or e may be used. 


EXERCISES ON PREPOSITIONS 


77. Translate: 


1. Ad mürum. 2. In fossis. 3. In bellum. 4. Ex 
oppido... 5. In agris. 6. Ab nmüntio. 7. In memoria. 
8. Ad silvas. 9. In Gallia. 10. Ex provincia. 


18. Translate, marking all long vowels: 


1. Tothefeld. . 2. Inthetowns. 3. To Gaul 4. From 
the town. 5. On land. . 6. From the fields. 7. Into the 
diteh. 8. Outofthe woods. 9. From the walls. 10. Into Gaul. 


19. |. VOCABULARY 


cas'/tra, -6/rum, n., camp. 

cÓ/pia, -ae, f., abundance, plenty; plural, forces. 

fi/lia, -ae, f., daughter (-àbus in dat. and abl. plur.). 
. fi/lius, fi'li, m., son. 

con'/voco, -à're, -a/vi, -à'tus, call together, call. 

hi'emo, -à're, -a/vi, -à'tus, pass the winter, winter. 

ser/vo, -à/re, -a'vi, -à/tus, save, guard. 

su'pero, -à're, -à'vi, -à'tus, surpass, conquer, defeat, overcome. 

à or ab, prep. with abl., from. 

ad, prep. with acc., to, toward. 

in, prep. with abl., in, on; with acc., into, against. 

é or ex, prep. with abl., out of, from. 


28 . LATIN LESSONS 


80. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


filial copious convoke conserve insuperable 


A Roman Candelabrum. 


PERFECT TENSES 29 


EXERCISES 
81. Translate and $ive the construction of each noun: 


(a) 1. Fuerant castra in Galliaà. 2. Dominus servas à 
provinciis convocáverit. 3. In castris viros servàveràs. 
4. Galli ex oppido in castra copiam frümenti portaverant. 
5. Vir filiis et filiábus copiam librorum dedit. 

(b) 1. Copiàs Gallorum gladiis superdverint. — 2. In Gallia 
hiemavimus. 3. In mürógladios et pilacélavistis. 4. Filia 
agricolae ad magistrum libros multos et magnos portàvit. 
5. Servus dominó cáró numerum magnum pilorum et gladio- 
rum dederat. 


82. Translate, marking all long vowels: 


(a) 1. The free men passed the winter in Gaul. 2. The 
faithful messenger calls the boys out of the field into the 
forest. 3. The Gauls gave beautiful presents to (their) sons 
and daughters. 4. The forces will have carried grain from 
the small town to the camp. 5. The black slave was con- 
cealing the grain in the forest. 

(b) 1. Marcus had not been a friend of the Gauls. 2. The 
good farmer’s sons and daughters had concealed (their) books. 
3. The signal of the messenger saved the men. 4. You had 
wounded (your) friends with javelins. 5. You will give a 
‘book to (your) daughter, but a sword to (your) son. 


ORAL EXERCISE 


83. Answer these questions in Latin: 

1. Puerine! ex agró equum vocáverunt? 2. Nonne in 
Gallia hiemabatis? 3. Portàveràsne frümentum ad castra? 
4. Nonne servus est miser? 5. Num filia puella mala fuit ? 


. - € - 
1Pronounce and think of the words in groups: Puerine ex agro 
picem. 
equum vocaverunt? 


LESSON IX 


REVIEW 
Festina lente. — Make haste slowly.* 


84. Derivatives. — Write all the English words you can, 
that seem to be derived from the following : 


aqua porto pugno terra 
magnus longus multus donum 
voc6 liber 3 signum dominus 
fidus malus numerus filius 


85. Word Drill. — Give the nominative and genitive 
singular and the gender of the. Latin words for the fol- 
lowing : 


mistress javelin Gaul heutenant 
master - sword signal native land 
book war oift friend 
farmer number letter man 

son rose grain story . 
daughter diligence horse messenger . 
forest ditch '" town language. 
teacher trumpet field boy . 


86. Form Drill. — 1. Decline agricola, légatus, signum, 
bonus, liber. 2. Name the principal parts of a verb. 
3. Name the six tenses in order. 4. Give the formula 
for making each. 5. Conjugate sum through the indica- 
tive. 6. Give the principal parts of do and conjugate it 
through the indicative. 


* A saying of Emperor Augustus, as quoted by the Latin author Suetonius. 
30 


'eueog JOOS u?ulo» V 


REVIEW ol 


87. Questions. — 1l. What cases are alike in the neuter 
gender? What is the ending of these cases in the plural? 
2. What case denotes possession? the indirect object? 
the direct object? means or instrument? 3. What case 
and what preposition are used to express place in which, 
into which, to which, from which, out of which? 4. How 
is the present stem of a verb found? the perfect stem? 
5. What tenses are formed from the present stem? from 
the perfect stem? 6. In what three ways may the present 
tense dat be translated ? 


88. EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING 


1. Es amicus nüntiorum. 2. Puellae donum dabis. 3. Viri 
diligentiam servárum laudabunt. 4. Müri oppidi alti erunt et 
fossa longa erit. 5. Equus albus est in agro agricolae. 
. 6. Diligentia servae fidae magna erat. 7. Erimus boni amici 
magistri. 8. Numerus servorum in Gallià magnus erat. 
9. Vir malus in silva equum domini celábat. —10..Légàtià 
müro coplàs vocaverunt. 


CAROLUS ET Poma! 


89. Carolus agricolae filius erat et bonus puer sed malos 
amicos habebat. Agricola filio calathum pomorum magnorum 
plénum dedit. In ealatho erant multa et bona poma sed pauca 
vitiata. 

Puer poma célavit sed vitiata poma maculavérunt bona, et 
mox nülla bona erant. Tum agricola filium monuit: * Pauca 
vitiáta poma maculant multa bona. Sic mali amici bonós pueros 
vitiabunt.” 


1 Refer to the general vocabulary for new words. 


LESSON X 


THIRD DECLENSION 
Ad astra per aspera. — '' To the stars through bolts and bars.’’ * 


90. The third declension consists of all words whose 
genitive singular ends in -is. They may be masculine, 
feminine, or neuter. 


91. Many nouns of the third declension have their 
nominative just like the base, except in the quantity of 
the last vowel. Note that masculines and feminines are 
declined alike. 


Consul, m., consul Soror, f., sister 
BasE, cónsul- BASE, sor6r- 
SINGULAR TERMINA- 
TIONS 
Nom. con'sul Nom. so'ror — 
Gen. con'sulis Gen. sororis is 
Dat. | con'suli Dat.  soro!ri I 
Acc. con'sulem Acc. soro'rem em 
Abl.  con'sule Abl.  soro're e 
PLURAL 
Nom. cou'sulés Nom. soró'rés és 
Gen. con'sulum Gen. sord/rum um 
Dat.  consu'libus Dat. soroó!'ribus ibus 
Acc. | con'sules Acc. Ssoro'rés és 


Abl. | consu'libus Abl.  soro'ribus ibus 


*'The motto of Kansas and an appropriate one for school classes. 
Literally: To the stars through difficulties. 
32 


THIRD DECLENSION 33 


Note. — Compare the following case endings : 


Declension II III 
Accusative singular : -am -um -em 
Genitive plural : -arum -orum -um 
Accusative plural : -as -68 -68 

92. VOCABULARY 
ar’bor, -oris, f., tree. li/ber6, -à're, -à'vi, -á'tus, set 
cón'sul, -ulis, m., consul. free. 
explorà'tor, -6/ris, m., scout. mons'tro, -àa/re, -à'vi, -a’tus, 
fé/mina, -ae, f., woman. show. 


imperaà'tor, -6/ris, m., commander- 
in-chief, general. 

merca’tor, -6/ris, m., merchant. 

so/ror, -O'ris, f., sister. 

ti/mor, -O'ris, m., fear, dread. 

" victor, -6/ris, m., victor. 

victó'ria, -ae, f., victory. 

aedi'fico, -a're, -à'vi, 
build. — 


-a/tus, 


nün'tio, -à're, -à'vi, -a'tus, an- 
nounce. 

vàs'to, -a/re, -à'vi, -a'tus, lay 
waste. 

1a/tus, -a, -um, broad, wide. 

ubi, interrogative adverb, where ; 
relative adverb, where, when. 

quis,  interrogative pronoun, 
who ? 


93. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


arbor feminine explorer timorous 
sorority edifice demonstrate devastate 
RULE 


94. Parsing. — To parse a noun give (1) declension, 


(2) nominative and 


genitive 


singular, (8) gender, 


(4) number, (5) case, (6) rule. 


In 95, 1, mürum would be parsed as follows : mürum : second declen- 
sion, mürus, mürl; masculine gender; singular number; accusative 
case, direct object of the verb aedificabunt. 


EXERCISES 


95. Translate, parsing the nouns : 


(a) 1. Vietorés mürum altum aedificabunt. 
3. Amici mereátorum agros multos 


plorátoris magnus est. 


2. Timor ex- 


94 LATIN LESSONS 


etlàtos vastabant. 4. Magister soróri parvae pulehrum librum 
monstravit.. 5. Imperator tubà consuli vietoriam magnam 
nüntiat. 

(b) 1. Es filia cira. 2. Ad féminam bonam dona pulchra 
portaveramus. 3. Dominus bonus servos fidos liberáverat. 
4. Fuerunt in silva multae et magnae 
arbores. 5. Exploratores ex oppido in 
castra legatos convocavérunt. 


96. Translate, marking long vowels: 


(a) 1. The merchant’s fear was great. 
2. The scout’s sister had been in the vic- 
tors field. 3. The faithful consul has’ 
set free many slaves in (his) native land. 
4. The woman will praise (her) son’s 
victory. 5. The lieutenants have not 
conquered the Gauls. 

(b) 1. The victors gave many large 
gifts to (their) sons, but will not give the 
boys swords. 2. You are a good man, 

Imperator. but you are not free. . 3. The comman- 

der-in-chief will announce the victory to 

the faithful consul. 4. The man called (his) sons and 

daughters out of the forest into the town. 5. We had shown 
the beautiful trees to (our) friends. 


97. Questions. — Questions which cannot be answered 
by yes or no are introduced by an interrogative pronoun 
or adverb. In such questions ne is not used. 


ORAL EXERCISE 
98. Answer these questions in Latin: 


1. Ubi soror pueri erat? 2. Quises? 3. Nonne magna 
victoria fuit? 4. Esne amicus imperatoris? 5. Aedifica- 
vitne altum mürum ? 


THIRD DECLENSION. ABLATIVE OF 
ACCOMPANIMENT 


Cum $rano salis.— With a grain of salt.* 


LESSON XI 


99. In many nouns of the third declension the nomina- 


tive differs very little from the base. 


Miles, m., soldier 
BASE, mi'lit- 


Nom. mi'les 
Gen. militis 
Dat. miht 
Acc. mi'litem 
Abl. milite 


Nom. mi‘lités 
Gen. mi'litum 
Dat. mili’tibus 
Acc. milites 
Abl. mili'tibus 


100. 


Cae'sar, -aris, m., Caesar. 
dux, du'cis, m., leader. 
fra’ter, -tris, m., brother. 
iü'dex, -icis, m., judge. 
la'pis, -idis, m., stone. 
de'cimus, -a, -um, tenth. 


* This expression is used to imply an exaggeration. 


Iü'dex, m., judge 
BASE, iü'dic- 


SINGULAR 


iu'dex 
iu’dicis 
ju'dici 
1u'dicem 
iu’dice 


PLURAL 


iu’dicés 
iu/dicum 
iüdi'cibus 
1u'dicés 
1udi'cibus 


VOCABULARY 


le'gio, -o'nis, f., legion. 


Fra’ter, m., brother 
BASE, fra'tr- 


fra’ter 
fra’ tris 
fra’ tri 
fra'trem 
fra'tre 


fra’trés 
fra'trum 
fra'tribus 
fra’trés 
fra'tribus 


li'beri, -6/rum, m., children. 


ma’ter, -tris, f., mother. 


mi'les, -itis, m., soldier. 


pa'ter, -tris, m., father. 
te'lum, -I, n., weapon. 
oppug'no, -a’re, -à'vi, -à'tus, attack, storm. 
cir'cum, preposition with accusative, around. 
cum, preposition with ablative, with. 


95 


36 LATIN LESSONS 


(a) Note carefully : 


liber6, -àre, -avi, -àtus, to set free. Compare the 
liber, -era, -erum, free. English 
liberi, -Grum, Jreeborn children. liberate, liberty. 
liber, libri, book. library. 


101. What Latin words do the following suggest? 
fraternity decimal judicial paternal 


RULE 


102. Ablative of Accompaniment. — Accompaniment (in 
company with or in conflict with) is expressed by the ab- 
lative with cum. 


The boy is with his father. Puer cum patre est. 
Caesar fought with the Gauls. Caesar cum Gallis pugnavit. 


EXERCISES 
103. Translate, and Sive construction of each noun: 


(a) 1. Dux cum fratre erat. 2. Liberi cum iüdice erunt. 
3. Galli eum Caesare pugnabant. 4. Pater cum filiàbus est. 
5. Caesar cum decimà legione oppidum Gallorum oppugnavit. 

(b) 1. Caesar tuba decimae legioni vietoriam mnüntiàvit. 
2. Malus vir lapide militem vulnerdaverit. 3. Lata fossa 
circum mürum fuerat. 4. Liberi iüdieis patri tela 1nonstrà- 
bunt. 5. Duces cum multis militibus oppida magna oppugna- 
verant. 


104. Translate: 


(a) 1. The leader fought with the tenth legion. 2. The 
men saved the town of (their) fathers. 3. They will storm 
the wall around the camp. 4. The girl was with (her) 
brother in the native land of the Gauls. 5. Caesar gives a 
signal to (his) faithful legions. 

(b) 1. The general and (his) children are good friends. 


THIRD DECLENSION 9T 


2. The judge's mother and siier were unhappy. 3. The 
messenger carried a letter from the merchant to the farmer. 
4. The lieutenants have announced the victories of the sol 
diers. 5. The leader's forces passed the winter in camp and 
(there) was great fear. 


ORAL EXERCISES 


105. Answer these questions in Latin: 

1. Quis itidex erit? 2. Pugnàvistine telis? 3. Quis 
eum Gallis pugnàbat? 4. Militesne oppidum oppugnavér- 
unt? 5. Ubi erant boni liberi? 


Caesar. 


LESSON XII 


THIRD DECLENSION. SECOND CONJUGATION 
Mens sana in corpore sano.—A sound mind vn a sound body.* 


106. The terminations of neuters of the third declension 
differ from masculines and feminines in the nominative 
and accusative, singular and plural. 


Ca'put, n., head Flümen, n., river Cor'pus, n., body 


BASE, ca/pit- Bask, flü'/min- BAsk, cor’por- 
SINGULAR TERMINA- 
TIONS 
Nom. ca!put flu'men cor'pus — 
Gen. capitis flu’ minis cor’ poris is 
Dat. ca'piti flumini cor’ pori I 
Acc. ca!put flu'men cor'pus — 
Abl.  calpite flu'mine cor'pore e 
PLURAL 
Nom. ca'pita flu'mina cor'pora a 
Gen. ca/pitum flu minum cor'porum um 
Dat. capi'tibus flumi'nibus corpo/ribus ibus 
Acc. ca'pita flu'mina cor'pora a 
Abl.  capi'tibus flumi'nibus corpo/ribus ibus 


107. The Four Conjugations. — There are four regular 
conjugations of verbs. ‘They are distinguished by the 
vowel before -re in the present infinitive active. Their 
stems are all found in the same way as those of porto. 
See $8 47 and 70. 


* Juvenal. 


38 


F Mw 


SECOND CONJUGATION 39 


Tire Id Ww Press If: 
lst por’td portà're 
2d mo/ned moné’re 
3d | dü'co dü'cere 
4th  au'dio audi're 


Stem 
Perf. Ind. Perf. Part. Vowel 
porta/vi porta’tus a 
mo/nui mo/nitus é 
dü'xi duc'tus e 
audi'vi audi'tus I 


108. The Second Conjugation. — The same rules as to 
stem, tense sign, and personal ending are followed for’ 
forming the various indieative tenses in the second con- 


jugation as in the first. 
perfect stem, monu-. 


The present stem is moné-; the 


In the first person singular of the present tense e of the 
stem is retained before the personal ending -o, moneo. 


109. Conjugation of mo'neo, J advise, warn. 


Indicative Active 


PRESENT 


I advise, warn 


mo/neó mone/mus 

mo/nés mone'tis 

mo/net 1 mo/nent 
IMPERFECT 


I was advising, warning 


mone/bam moneba’mus 

mone/bàs monebà'tis 

mone/bat mone'/bant 
FUTURE 


I shall advise, warn 


mone/bo mone'/bimus 
moné’bis mone’bitis 
mone'bit mone'/bunt 


PERFECT 


I have advised, warned 


mo/nui monuimus 
monuis'/ti monuis'tis 
mo'nuit monué'/runt (-é're) 


PLUPERFECT 
I had advised, warned 


monu'eram monuerà/mus 
monu/eras monuera’tis 
monu'erat  monu'erant 


FUTURE PERFECT 


I shall have advised, warned 


nionu'ero monue'rimus 
monu/eris monue'ritis 
monu/erit monu'erint 


! Note that the quantity of e corresponds to that of & in the first conjuga- 


tion. See § 49, a. 


40 LATIN LESSONS 


110. VOCABULARY 

caput, ca/pitis, n., head. ha'beo, -é/re, -ui, -itus, have, 
clamor, clàmo'/ris, m., shout, consider, hold. 

noise. mo/ne6, -é/re, -ui, -itus, advise, 
co/mes, co'mitis, m. and f. warn. 

companion. mo/veo, -é/re, m6/vi, moó'tus, 
cor/pus, cor'poris, n., body. move, break up (with castra). 
flü^/men, flü'/minis, n., river. te/ne6O, -é’re., -ui, , hold. 
ho/mó, ho'minis, m. and f., man, — ti'meO, -é/re, -ul, , fear, be 

human being. afraid of. 
p6s, pe'dis, m., foot. vi'deo, -é/re, vi'd1, vi'sus, see. 
réx, ré/gis, m., king. quid, interrog. pron., what? 


lll. What Latin words do the followin suggest? 


capital admonish regal homicide 
pedestal corporal tenacious timid 


EXERCISES ON VERB FORMS 
112. Analyze each form: 


(a) 1. Habébam, habuit, habebunt, habueratis. , 2. Vide- 
mus,! vidimus, videt, vidit. 3. Timeébo, timuérunt, timu- 
erint, timuit. 4. Movébunt, móvimus, movent, moverátis. 
5. Tenébant, tenuisti, tenuit, tenuerint. 

(b) 1. Portat, laudavi, timui, nüntiavit. 2. Parávistis, 
vidistis, dedistis, monstrábàmus. 3. "Times, tenuero, habebat, 
vidérunt. 4. Vidébant, vàstas, monet, movit. 65. Porta- 
vit, monuit, dedit, fuit. | 


113. Translate, markinó long vowels: 


(a) 1. We were moving, they had moved, he will: move. 
2. I shall warn, you had warned. 3. We have feared, they 
have seen, I shall have. 4. You have stormed, we were 
having. 5. They gave, they had been, they were seeing. 

(b) 1. He warned, he gave, he saw. 2. He will have 


1 Compare videmus, vidimus; videt, vidit. 


SECOND CONJUGATION 41 


seen, he had held, you (plur.) are fearing. 3. You (sing.) 
were seeing, I had moved, you will have held. 4. They 
warn, we seized, he carries. 5. They had called, I am see- 
ing, you moved. 


RULE 


114. Ablative of Manner. — Manner is expressed by the 
ablative with a limiting adjective or cum, or both. 

He writes with great care. Magna cum diligentia scribit. 
Magna diligentia scribit. 

He writes with care. Cum diligentià scribit. 


EXERCISES 
115. Translate, and give principal parts of each verb: 


(a) 1. Homo cum clàmore comitem vocabat. 2. Milites 
cum diligentià oppidum serva- 
vérunt. 3. Magistri magnis 
cum claméribus equos vocavé- 
runt. 4. Caesar magnà cum 
diligentià decimam legionem in 
eastris tenuerit. 5. Arbores 
silvae vidémus. 

(D) 1. Filius regis bonos 
comites habebit. 2. Homines 
decimam legionem timuerant. 
3. Rexmagnum flümen in silvà 
vidit. 4. Homines castra mo- 
verint. 5. Niger equus corpus 
magnum sed caput parvum 
habet. 


7 


We 7 
NV LIP 
: —3 i E s 


$ 
SIDA 


116. Translate, marking 


Lonó vowels : E^ 
(a) 1. The good teacher will 
advise the brother and sister. 2. With many shouts the 


Soldiers of the Legion. 


49 LATIN LESSONS 


soldiers seized the town. 3. The children feared the man’s 
companion. 4. We fought with bad men, but were not 
victors. 5. The woman's fear was great. 

(b) 1. The men wounded the horse's head with large 
stones. 2. Gaul had many large rivers. 3. The judge and 
the king had been in the small town. 4. The Gauls have 
walls around (their) towns. 5. With great fear the mer- 
chants had seen the soldiers. 


The Roman Arena at Verona 


Compare this with the Colosseum on page 206. 


ORAL EXERCISE 


117. Answer these questions in Latin: 

1. Quid vidisti? 2. Suntne magni lapidés in flümine? 
3. Timesne clàmorem hominum? 4. Num ducés castra 
moverunt? 5. Quis habet magnum eaput ? 


LESSON XIII 


THIRD DECLENSION. I-STEMS 
Ars longa, vita brevis. —'' Art is long and time is fleeting.”’ * 


118. Some third declension nouns have i before, or 
in place of, the vowel of certain endings. These are 
called i-Stems. 


(a) In the first declension we noticed that a seemed the predominant 
vowel; in the second, o. So we speak of them as the a-declension and 
the o-declension and we say their stems end in à and o. Similarly we 
speak of the third declension as the consonant or i-declension, because 
its stems end in a consonant or ini. In the consonant stems which we 
have been studying so far the stem is just like the base. We are now to 


study i-stems. Their stem is made by adding i to the base. 


«€ 


: 119. The following nouns regularly have i-stems : 

I. Masculine and feminine nouns ending in -és and -is, 
not increasing ! in the genitive; nouns ending in -ns, -rs, 
and monosyllables in -s or -x following a consonant. 


These all end in -Y or -e in the ablative singular, -ium in the genitive 
plural, and -1s or -és in the accusative plural.? 


* Literally: Art is long, life short. 

l'The expression ‘‘not increasing in the genitive" is used to distinguish 
nouns like hostis, whose genitive has the same number of syllables as the 
nominative, from nouns like miles, militis, whose genitive has more syllables 
than the nominative. 

2 Originally the accusative singular ended in -im, the ablative singular in 
-i, and the accusative plural in -is; but these endings have been largely dis- 
placed by -em, -e, and -es. 

48 


44 LATIN LESSONS 


2. Neuter nouns ending in -e, -al, or -ar. 


These end in à in the ablative singular, -ium in the genitive plural, 
and in -ia in the nominative and accusative plural. 


190. 
Ig'nis, m., fire. Hos/tis, m., enemy. Ma’re, n., sea. 
BASE, ign- BASE, host- BASE, mar- 
STEM, igni- STEM, hosti- STEM, mari- 
TERMINATIONS 
SINGULAR M. and F. Neut. 
Nom. ig'nis hos'tis ma/re is e 
Gen. ig'nis hos'tis ma/ris is is 
Dat. ig/ni hos'ti ma/ri I I 
Acc. ig'nem hos/tem ma/re em (im) e 
Abl. ig'nriore hos'te ma'ri e(t) 1 
PLURAL 
Nom. ig'nés hos'tés ma'ria és ia 
Gen. ig'nium hos'tium ma/rium ium ium 
Dat. ig'nibus hos’ tibus ma/ribus X ibus ibus 
Acc. ig'nls, es hos'tis, és ma/ria 1s, és ia 
Abl. ig'nibus hos'tibus ma/ribus — ibus ibus 
131" VOCABULARY 
a'nimal, -a/lis, (-ium‘), n. mons, mon'tis, (-ium), m., moun- 
animal. tain. 
cae/dés, -is, (-ium), f., slaugh- nox, noc'tis, (-ium), f., night. 
ter. pars, par'tis, (-ium), f., part. 
hos'tis, hos’tis; m., an enemy — por'ta, -ae, f., gate. 
hos/tés, hos'tium, the enemy. — rl'pa, -ae, f., bank (of a river). 
ig/nis, -is, (-ium), m., fire. urbs, ur/bis, (-ium), f., city. 
ma're, -is, (-ium?), n., sea. sae/pe, adverb, often. 


199. What Latin words do the following suggest ? 


hostile ignite marine nocturnal 
partial riparian portal urban 


1 Genitive Plural. 2 The genitive plural is not used. 


THIRD DECLENSION. I-STEMS 45 


EXERCISES 
123. Translate, and decline the nowns: 


(a) 1. Multa animàlia fuerunt in mari. 2. In Gallià 
noctés sunt longae. 9. Agros hostium igni vastabimus. 
4. Caput pars corporis est. 5. Caesar cum hostibus saepe 
pugnavit et caedes fuit magna. 

(b) 1. Ripae flüminis altae erant. 2. Dux milites in 
castris tenuit. 3. Agros ab urbe ad montem vastàvit. 
4. Milites à portis urbis tela portàbunt. 5. Patres filios 


magnà cum diligentia monuerant. 


A Roman Gate. 


194. Translate, marking long vowels: 


(a) 1. Caesar had been victor. 2. (There) have been 
many fires on the mountain. 3. The enemy will pass the 
winter in the city. 4. (There) was a great slaughter of the 
enemy on the bank of the river. 5. The general’s brother 
and sister see the large rivers. 

(b) 1. The stones in the river are often beautiful. 
2. They broke camp and stormed the gates of the enemy's 


eR 


46 LATIN LESSONS 


town. 3. The lieutenants had seen the fires of the enemy’s 
camp from the city. 4. The men announced (their) victory 
to Caesar with great shouts. 5. The little children had 
feared the large animals. 


The so-called Temple of Vesta at Rome. 


125. State in Latin five facts. One pupil may state a 
fact to another and he in turn tell it to the class in Eng- 
lish. 


LESSON XIV 


REVIEW 


Consensus facit legem.— General consent makes the law. 


126. Derivatives.— Write all the English words you 
can, that seem to be derived from the following: 


arbor latus victoria fémina 
dux frater pater miles 
decimus caput corpus homo 
pés moveo teneo video 
hostis ignis pars urbs 


127. Word Drill. — (a) Give the nominative and geni- 
tive singular and the gender of the Latin nouns for the 
following: 


gate vietory foot mother 
man slaughter head river 
body tree brother father 
mountain soldier sister enemy 
city children sea legion 
weapon fire night king 
judge stone bank leader 


(6) Give the principal parts of the Latin verbs for the 
following : 


advise lay waste show hold 
set free have see storm 
build announce give conquer 
move fear seize warn 


47 


48 LATIN LESSONS 


128. Form Drill. — 1. Decline iüdex, imperator, flümen, 
hostis, mare. 2. Conjugate video through the indicative 
active. 3. Give the genitive singular ending of nouns 
of the first, second, and third declensions; also the accu- 
sative singular, genitive plural, and accusative plural 
endings. 4. Make a statement in Latin containing an 
ablative of means and an ablative of accompaniment. 
5. Make a statement in Latin containing an ablative of 
manner. 


129. Questions. — 1. Of what gender are nouns of the 
first declension? of the second ? of the third? 2. What 
are the nominative endings of masculine nouns of the 
second declension? of neuter nouns of the second declen- 
sion? 3. How do i-stems differ from consonant stems 
in declension? 4. How are the conjugations of verbs 
distinguished? | 5. How does the present stem of the 
first conjugation always end? the present stem of the 
second conjugation ? 


EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING 


130. 1. Puella féminae librum dedit. 2. Multaaquainagro © 
fuit. 3. Téla exploratoris multa et magna erant. 4. Iüdex 
filiabus libros pulehros dedit sed filis pila. 5. Multi duces 
magnam militum diligentiam laudant. 6. Viri malum eon- 
sulem nón amaverant. 7. Comes régis urbes et flümina vide- 
bit. 8. Homines decimam legionem timuerant. 9. Serva 
à dominà ad màtrem dona pulchra portabat. 10. Multi mer- 
catorés montes et mare videbunt. 


Eqvuvus MARCI 


131. Marcus puer sororem Iüliam habebat. Pater liberorum 
multos equós in agro habebat. Liberi equum nigrum amà- 
bant quem (which) pater Marco dederat. 


REVIEW 49 


Equus dominuin parvum circum agrum et in silvam saepe 
portabat. Soror Marci magnos equos timébat sed Marcus ad 
equum frümentum portavit et eI (to him) aquam dedit. 

Mali pueri lapidibus animal pulehrum vulneráverant et 
mater liberorum magna eum diligentia equum célabat. 


A Roman Aqueduct in Southern France. 


LESSON XV 


PASSIVE VOICE. ABLATIVE OF AGENT 
Tempora mutantur. — Times are changed, 


132. The personal endings in the passive voice! are : 


SINGULAR PLURAL 
1st -r -mur 
2d -ris (re) -mini 
od -tur -ntur 


133. The rules for forming the present, imperfect, and 
future indicative are the same as in the active voice, the 
passive personal endings taking the place of the active 
ones. 


134. PASSIVE VOICE 


SINGULAR PLURAL 
Present Indicative 


por'tor, 7 am carried. porta/mur, we are carried. 
porta/ris (re), you are carried. porta'mini, you are carried. 
porta/tur, he is carried. portan'tur, they are carried. 


Imperfect Indicative 


porta/bar, I was carried. portaba’mur, we were carried. 
portaba’ris (-re), you were carried. portaba!mini, you were carried. 
portaba'tur, he was carried. portaban'tur, they were carried. 


1 Compare §§ 687 and 688. 
50 


PASSIVE VOICE 51 


Future Indicative 


porta’bor, J shall be carried. porta’bimur, we shall be carried. 
porta/beris (-re), you will be carried. ^ portabi'mini, you will be carried. 
porta/bitur, Ae will be carried. portabun'tur, they will be carried. 


(a) Note the change in the vowel of the tense sign in the first and 
second person singular and third person plural of the future passive. 

(b) Compare carefully the English translation of the active and passive 
of each tense. 


135. Perfect Tenses. — The perfect stem is not used in 
the passive voice. The participial stem is found by drop- 
ping -us from the perfect passive participle (the last one 
of the principal parts). The perfect, pluperfect, and future 
perfect tenses in the passive are made by combining the 
participial stem, plus the endings seen in magnus, -a, -um, 
to agree with the subject, with sum for the perfect, eram 
for the pluperfect, and ero for the future perfect. 


. THIRD SINGULAR THIRD PLURAL 
portatus est, he has been carried. portati sunt, they — (mas.) 
portata est, she has been carried. portatae sunt, they — (fem.) 
portatum est, it has been carried. portata sunt, they — (neut.) 


(a) According to the rule in $ 135 conjugate porto through the perfect, 
pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in the passive voice. Compare with 
§ 586. 


EXERCISES ON VERB FORMS 
136. Analyze each Latin form: 


(a) 1. Laudabantur, laudati sumus, laudavi. 2. Porta- 
beris, portátum erat, portor. 3. Pugnavimus, pugnabunt, 
pugnaveramus. 4. Occupata sunt, occupáta est, occupatur. 
5. Amabimini, amati erimus, amatae erant. 

(b) 1. Vulneratus es, vulnerábàmini, vulneraberis. 2. Dan- 
tur, dabuntur, dedimus. 3. Data erunt, célaberis, amabuntur. 
4. Vocabaémur, vocavistis, vocatum erat. 5. Aedificavit, 
nüntiàbitur, liberata est. 


52 LATIN LESSONS 


137. Translate, marking long vowels : 


(a) 1. You will be wounded. 2. They had been con- 
cealed. 3. I shall be praised. 4. It will be announced. 
5. They (neut.) have been seized. 

(b) 1. It had been carried. 2. They were conquered. 
3. They have passed the winter. 4. We have been called 
together. 5. It was saved. 


138. VOCABULARY 
centu'rio, -ó'nis, m., centurion. vir/'tüs, -ü'tis, f., virtue, valor, 
Iü'lia, -ae, f., Julia. courage. 
proe'lium, proe'li, n., battle. défes'sus, -a, -um, tired, weary. 
stel/la, -ae, f., star. cul/po, -à'/re, -a/vi, -aà'tus, blame, 
v1'cus, -1, m., village. censure. 
sem/per, adv., always, ever. na'vigo, -a're, -a/vi, -à'tus, sail. 


(a) Compare vicus, oppidum, urbs ; saepe and semper; bellum 
and proelium. 


139. What Latin words do the followin$ sw&gest ? 


virtue culpable navigate constellation 


RULE 


140. Ablative of Agent. — The personal agent with a 
passive verb is expressed by the ablative with a or ab. 


The good boy is praised by his father. Puer bonus à patre laudatur. 
The book was carried by the teacher. Liber à magistro portàbàtur. 


EXERCISES 


141. Translate, and give the rule for each noun in 
the ablative case: | 

(a) 1. Puer bonus à matre nón saepe culpabitur. 2. Do- 
minus in mari nàvigàvit. 3. Liberi à Iülià amantur. 
4. Agri à militibus vastabuntur. 5. Vici parvi hostium à 
cópiis Caesaris occupati sunt, 


PASSIVE VOICE 58 


(b) 1. In Gallia proelia à fido centurione semper nüntiàta 
erant. 2. Milites à portis tuba à defesso legato vocabuntur. 
3. Corpus equi multis lapidibus vulnerabatur. 4. Agri Gal- 
liae igni et gladio vastati erunt. 
5. Centuriones urbes magnas cum vir- 
tite oppugnaverant. 


MN | 


142. Translate: ’ i A 

(a) 1. The number of stars is great. A oY Y 
2. The teacher has been blamed by : » dad 
the boy's friend. 3. The centurions 4 dA i 
sailed with the soldiers. 4. Julia ; cn MA 


MN 
Y 
L 


and (her) companion will have been 
loved by many friends. 5. The sig- 
nals had always been given by the 
leader with a trumpet. 

(b) 1. The valor of the faithful * 
soldiers will always be praised by the 
leaders. 2. The sons and daughters Roman Centurion. 
of the king are in the city with (their) 
dearfriends. 3. Theleader breaks camp and the tired soldiers 
are ealled into the village. 4. We see a part of the battle 
from the bank of the river. 5. The soldiers attacked the 
city with great valor. 


ORAL EXERCISES 
143. Answer these questions tn Latin: 


1. Puerne à matre eulpábátur? 2. Quis fido militi telum 
dedit? 3. Légatusne milites vocabit? 4. Frümentumne 
in oppidum portatum est? 5. Quis amicus puerorum erit ? 


LESSON XVI 


THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES 
Jacta alea est. — The die is cast.* 


144. Adjectives having the same endings as nouns of 
the third declension are called adjectives of the third de- 
clension. Almost all adjectives of the third declension, 
except comparatives, follow the inflection of i-stems ; that 
is, they have -1 in the ablative singular, -ium in the genitive 
plural, -is or -és in the accusative plural, masculine and 
feminine, and -ia in the nominative and accusative plural 
neuter. 

(a) Adjectives of the third declension ending in -er have a different 


form for each gender in the nominative singular and are called adjectives 
of three endings: acer, Acris, Acre. Learn the declension of acer, § 570. 


145. VOCABULARY 


ae/stas, -ta’tis, f., summer. nau'ta, -ae, m., sailor. 
an/nus, -I, m., year. na/vis, nà'vis, (-ium), f., ship. 
celerlitas, -ta’tis, f., swiftness. a'cer, à'cris, à'cre, sharp, keen, 
cl'vis, cl'vis, (-ium), m. and f., active. 

citizen. celer, ce'leris, ce/lere, quick, 
hó'ra, -ae, f., hour. swift. 
mén'sa, -ae, f., table. ter'tius, -a, -um, third. 


146. What Latin words do the followin$ suggest? 
Civic nautical navy accelerate 


* Said by Caesar when he crossed the Rubicon. Quoted by Suetonius. 
54 


THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES a9 
RULE 


147. Ablative of Time. — Time when, or within which, 
is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. 

They were fighting at the tenth hour. Decimà héra pugnabant. 

Many towns were stormed in one year. Multa oppida ünó anno 
oppugnata sunt. 

! EXERCISES 

148. Translate, and give the construction of each 
noun : 

(a) 1. Aestate milites Caesaris saepe pugnabant. 2. Dux 
defessus nocte castra movet. 3. Tertia hora frümentum ex 


A 


A Roman Ship. 


nàvibus in oppidum ab nautis portátum erat. 4. Centurio 
cum decima legione anno tertio oppidum magna cum virtüte 
occupavit. 5. Virtüs civium magna erat. 

(6) 1. Nautae navibus navigant. 2. Hominés magna cum 
celeritàte in vicum portati sunt. 3. Navés celeres ad Itliam 


56 LATIN LESSONS 


litteras portaverant. 4. Libri in méns& magna sunt. 
5. Gladii à filiis 1üdieis portati erunt. 


149. Translate: 


(a) 1. The good king was loved by the faithful citizens. 
2. In the third year of the war Caesar built many ships and 
he was not blamed by the citizens. 3. Good sailors see the 
stars, the sea, and ships. 4. The man’s companion was a 
swift messenger. 5. At nine o'clock! the tired soldiers had 
been overcome by the swiftness of the enemy. 

(b) 1. A high wall has been built around the village. 
2. (There) are always many battles in along war. 3. Weap- 
ons will be shown to the active soldier by the good leader. 
4. The consul’s native land had broad fields. 5. Many vil- 
lages had been laid waste with fire and sword. 


150. Composition. — State in Latin three facts about 
the table or the things upon it. When one pupil has 
stated a fact, another should translate it. 


PHRASES FROM CAESAR 
151. Commit to memory with the translation: 


1. Aestate. 2. Tertià horà. 3. Magna cum celeritate. 
4. Cum decimà legione. 5. Memoria tenere. 


1 The third hour. 


LESSON XVII 


THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES 
Fortes fortuna juvat.— Fortune favors the brave.* 


152. Adjectives of the third declension which end in 
-is have the masculine and feminine alike in the nominative 
singular and are called adjectives of two endings : fortis, 
forte. Learn the declension of fortis, S 571. 


153. VOCABULARY 

peri'culum, -i, n., danger. le'vis, -e, light (in weight). 
tem'pus, tem/poris, n., time. omnis, -e, all, every. 
vigi'lia, -ae, f., watch (part of the — liben'ter, adv., gladly. 

night). labO'/ro, -a're, -à'vi, -a'tus, labor, 
bre'vis, -e, short. work. 
for'tis, -e, brave. pro'pero, -a/re, à'vi, -à'tus, 
gra'vis, -e, heavy, severe. hurry, hasten. 


154. What Latin words do the following suggest ? 


temporary ' brevity grave fortitude 
levity omnibus peril vigil 
EXERCISES 


155. Translate: 


(a) 1. Brevi tempore servi régis liberábuntur. 2. Pars 
civium à forti nautà laudabatur. 3. Cives gravibus lapidibus 
vulnerati erant. 4. Omnés nautae ex urbe in návés propera- 
verunt et in mari nàvigábant. 5. Centurio levi gladio pug- 
naverit. 


* From the Roman dramatic poet, Terence. 


57 


58 LATIN LESSONS 


(b) 1. Tertia vigilià noctis milités in magno periculo erant. 
2. Viri in agris libenter laboràverant. 3. Milites fortes in 
castris saepe hiemavérunt. 4. Decima legio à Gallis non 
Saepe superàta erat. 
5. Pietüràs multàs et 
magnas in ménsa vi- 
débamus. 


156. Translate: 


(a) 1. The nights 
in the summer were 
short. 2. The book 
will be light, but the 
stone will be heavy. 
3. The good citizens 
always love a good 
king and do not fear 
(him). 4. The brave 
citizen had always 
been praised by the 
consul. 53. In the 
third wateh of the 
night part of the sol- 
diers were in camp. 

(b) 1. Good children are often glad to work (gladly work). 
2. The tired citizens had often been censured by the brave 
leader. 3. In the summer all the sailors hastened to the ships 
with great swiftness. 4. A watch is a part of the night. 
5. The boy had a heavy stone and wounded a large animal in 
(his) father's field. 


A Roman Altar. 


Showing the sacrifice of a bull. 


PHRASES FROM CAESAR 


157. Commit to memory with the translations : 
1. Brevi tempore. 2. Tertia vigilia. 9. Cum militibus 
decimae legionis. 


LESSON XVIII 


SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE 
Fas est et ab hoste doceri.—It is right to learn even from a foe.* 


158. Adjectives of the third declension not ending in 
-er or -is and not of the comparative degree have one 
ending. Learn the declension of poténs, § 572. 


159. The passive of the second conjugation is formed 
according to the same rules as that of the first conjugation. 
See Lesson XV. 

(a) Conjugate moneé according to the rules before con- 
sulting the book. Compare with § 587. 


160. VOCABULARY 
Ró'ma, -ae, f., Rome. prómo'veo, -é/re, -m6/vi, -mo'- 
de'cem, adj., ten. tus, move forward. 
po'téns, poten'tis, adj., powerful,  reti'neo, -e're, -ui, reten'/tus, 
mighty. restrain, detain, retain. 
vé'lox, vélo'cis, adj., swift. dé'/le6, -e're, -é' vi, -e'tus, destroy. 


161. What Latin words do the followinó suggest? 


velocity potential promote retain 


EXERCISES ON VERB FORMS 


162. Translate and analyze each form: 


(a) 1. Laborat, monémur, datur. 2. Visae sunt, vidérunt, 
videntur. 3. Tenétur, tenébàtur, tenuerant. 4. Movi, 
motus est, movébitur. 5. Habébit, vidébaris, culpaberis. 


*Literally: To be taught even by a foe. 
59 


60 LATIN LESSONS 


(b) 1. Délévit, properavit, dedit. | 2. Monueràmus, visi 
eramus, tenuerint. 3. Délébantur, datum est, moniti sumus. 
4. Vulnerati eratis, célabitur, vocáta eris. 5. Fuerant, 
erátis, fuimus. 


168. Translate, marking long vowels: 


(a) 1. We had, you were seen, they have been restrained. 
2. He had been, he had been wounded, I am seen. 3. They 
will have been warned, it was given, we are. 4. They (neut.) 
had been destroyed, we have destroyed, it is destroyed. 5. It 
has been moved, they will be seen, I have seen. 

(b) 1. He had held, he had been seen, he will be held. 
2. You (sing.) will be warned, you will warn, he had been 
warned. 3. You (plur.) hasten, you ( plur.) are seen, they 
had given. 4. We shall have been blamed, you had moved, 
they will be seen, it had been given. 5. We shall be de- 
stroyed, they have been destroyed, you (sing.) will be destroyed. 


EXERCISES 


164. Translate, and conjugate each passive verb 
through the tense in which it is used: 


(a) 1. Cives mali ab imperátore bono culpati sunt. 2. De- 
cem celerés nüntii ab hostibus videbantur. 3. Urbs magna 
à duce forti deleta erat. 4. Roma erat urbs potens et viri 
Romae Gallos multos superàverunt. 5. Légatus magnum 
numerum návium velocium habuit. 

(b) 1. Tertia horà noctis milites ex castris magnis cum 
celeritate properabunt. 2. Decimà horà ab exploratore celeri 
monéberis. 3. Defessae legiones in castris retinébantur. 
4. Signa brevi tempore promota erunt. 5. Filii agrieolàrum 
cum patribus in agris saepe libenter labéraverant. 


165. Translate: 


(a) 1. Many are wounded in a short time. 2. The brave 
lieutenants have not been detained in camp. 3. Many large 


SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE 61 


-cities had been destroyed by the powerful general. 4. The 
tenth legion had been moved forward with great swiftness. 
5. Ten swift ships were destroyed by the enemy. 

(b) 1. The signals were seen by the Gauls at the third 
watch. 2. The lieutenant had been warned by all the scouts. 


The Porta San Paolo. 


One of the gates of modern Rome. 


3. The mountains are high and the rivers are deep. 4. The 
fires of the enemy’s camp were seen at night by the tired 
soldiers. 5. (There) had been a great slaughter of the 
enemy. | 


ORAL EXERCISE 
166. Answer these questions in Latin: 


1. Ubi castra Caesaris erant? 2. Pugnabisne libenter? 
3. Nonne civés erunt potentés? 4. Num noctés brevés 
sunt? 5. Quid in mensà est ? 


LESSON XIX 


REVIEW 
Esse quam vidert. — To be rather than to seem to be.* 


167. Derivatives. Write all the English words you 
can that seem to be derived from the following: 


culpo velox annus civis 
hora nauta celer tempus 
brevis fortis gravis omnis 


168. Form Drill. — 1. Name the passive personal end- 
ings. 2. Give the formula for making each tense in the 
indicative mood, passive voice. 3. Conjugate do and 
déleoó through the indicative mood, active and passive 
voices. 4. Decline celer, brevis, v&lox. 


169. Syntax Drill. — 1. Name three uses for the abla- 
tive without a preposition. 2. Name two uses for the 
ablative with a or ab. |. 9. How is an ablative of means 
distinguished from an ablative of agent? 4. Into what 
three classes are adjectives of the third declension divided? 
5. How do we determine to which one of these classes an 
adjective belongs ? 


170. Composition. — Write in Latin five or more con- 
nected sentences, telling something about the general and 
his soldiers. (The best papers may be written on the 
board and read at sight by the class.) —— 


LI EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING 


1. Erat magna caedés hostium. 2. Télum fido militi à 
duce dabatur. 3. Aqua ad equos albos à servis portàta est. 


* The motto of North Carolina. 
62 


REVIEW 63 


4. Homines sunt miseri, sed non mali. 5. Multiet bonicivés 
à Caesare amati erant. 6. Légati magna virtüte pugnabunt. 
7. Pulchri libri liberis à matribus dati sunt. 8. Periculum 
semper timuimus. 9. Imperator bonus cives malos culpavit. 
10. Tertià vigilia dux oppidum hostium delevit. 


A Street in Pompeii. 


Showing ruts worn in the stone pavement by wagon wheels, and the stepping stones 
by which pedestrians crossed the street. 


CINCINNATUS 


172. Cincinnatus agricola Rómànus erat et in agro laborabat. 
Miles nón erat sed patriam amabat. Roma in magno periculo 
erat et nüntii ad Cincinnàtum mittebantur. Nüntii bonum 
virum in agró arantem (plowing) videbant. Cincinnato peri- 
culum patriae nàrráverunt et eum (him) ad bellum vocavérunt. 
Tum Cincinnatus erat dictator. Poténs imperator erat et brevi 
tempore hostes superávit et victor ad agros properavit. Agri- 
cola fortis ab omnibus amatus et laudatus est. 


LESSON XX 


POSSUM. COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE 


Possunt quia posse videntur.— They can because they think they 
can.* 


173. Conjugation of possum, / am able or [can (= potis, 
able + sum, Zam). Principal parts: possum, posse, potur. 
It has no passive voice. 


(a) Possum — pot sum ; the t becomes s before those forms of the 
verb sum which begin with s. The perfect stem tenses are formed 
according to the formula given for those tenses. See § 72. 

Conjugate the indicative mood of possum, according to the above. 
Compare with § 591. 


174. VOCABULARY 
moe'/nia, -ium, n., fortifications ought, must (followed by infini- 
(walls of a city). tive). 
pa'lüs, -ü'dis, f., swamp, marsh. pos’sum, pos'se, po'tui, can, be 
po'pulus, -i, m., people, nation. able (followed by infinitive). 
cotidià'nus,! -a, -um, daily. com’pleG, -é're, -e'vi, -é’tus, fil, 
Romaà'nus, -1, m., a Roman. cover. 
Roómà'nus, -a, -um, Roman. fe're, adv., almost. 


dé'beO, -é/re, -ui, -itus, owe; coti’dié,! adv., daily, every day. 


175. What Latin words do the following suggest ? 
possible complementary debit population 


* Virgil. Literally: Because they seem to be able. 
1 Spelled also with two t’s. 


64 


COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE 65 


RULE 


176. Complementary Infinitive. — Possum and some other 
verbs require an infinitive to complete their meaning ; this 
is called a complementary infinitive. 


Caesar could fight. Caesar pugnare potuit. 
We ought to love our country. Patriam amare débémus. 


EXERCISES 
177. Translate: 


(a) 1. Urbés delere potuerant. 2. Potuistine monére libe- 
ros? | 83. Omnés hostes superàáre potuimus. 4. Tempore 
proeli perieulum timére nón débémus. 5. A palüde ad ripam 
flüminis castra movére possumus. 

(6) 1. Cum populo Romano laborare nón  potuérunt. 
2. Omnia moenia ab hostibus cotidie videbantur. 3. Mons 
copiis hostium completus erat. 4. Tertià vigilià noctis 

imperator magno eum clàmóre militibus signum dedit. 5. Ro- 
 màni eum hostibus feré cotidianis proeliis pugnavérunt. 


178. Translate: 


(a) 1. Caesar ought not to fear danger. 2. The Romans 
cannot defeat all (their) enemies in the swamp. 3. We could 
not overcome the Roman forces with swords and javelins. 
4. The good soldiers were able to fight daily with great cour- 
age. 5. The Roman people could not love the enemies of 
(their) native land. 

(b) 1. The banks of the broad river were high. 2. The 
swords had been retained with care. 3. Ten powerful cities 
have been seized by the enemy and filed with soldiers. 
4. The boy's books are heavy, (his) sister's light. 5. Almost 
all the fortifications of the enemy were attacked in the third 
year of the war. 


179. Composition. — Make five statements in Latin 
' about things that are or have been possible. 


LESSON XXI 


THIRD CONJUGATION. APPOSITION 


Montani semper liberi.— Mountaineers are always free.* 
180. Verbs of the third conjugation end in -ere in the 
present infinitive. Principal parts of düco, / lead: dü'co, 
dü'cere, dü'xi, duc/tus. Present stem, düce-; perfect stem, 
düx-; participial stem, duct-. 


181. Present tense — present stem (with e changed to i) 
+ personal endings. ‘The vowel of the ending in the first 
person singular is simply o, in the third person plural u. 

Imperfect tense = present stem (with e lengthened) + 
tense sign ba + personal endings. 

Future tense = present stem+ personal endings. The 
vowel of the ending in the first person singular is a instead 
of e, in the second person singular and the first and 


second persons plural long &. 


182. Present Indicative 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
I lead. 
du’cd dü'cimus 
du'cis dü'citis 
du'cit du'cunt 


Imperfect Indicative 


I was leading. 


duce'bam ducéba’mus 
duce’ bas duüucebà'tis 
ducebat diucé’bant 


Future Indicative 
I shall lead. 


dü'/cam düce'mus 
: du/cés duce'/tis 
dü'cet du'cent 


* The motto of West Virginia. 
66 


THIRD CONJUGATION 67 


183. VOCABULARY 
dii/co, -ere, dü'xi, duc’tus, /eud. Amit’td, -ere, àmi'si, Amis/sus, 
6dü'co, -ere, édü'xi, éduc'tus, send away, lose. 
lead out. remit/to, -ere, remi’si, remis'- 
redüc/o, -ere, redü'xi, reduc'- sus, send back. 
tus, lead back, withdraw. pó'n6, -ere, po'sui, po/situs, put, 
mit'to, -ere, m1'si, mis'sus, send. place, (with castra) pitch. 


184. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


position mission reduce remit 


EXERCISES ON VERB FORMS 

185. Analyze each Latin form: 

(a) 1. Edücent, edücébat, redicimus. 2. Mittés, mittétis, 
mittunt. , 3. Ponéhant, ponimus, castra ponent. 4. Amittis, 
amittitis, àmitto. 5. Amat, timet, dücam. 

(b) 1. Mittébàs, ponebàmus, remitto. 2. Redücam, mittit, 
amittent. 3. Dücet, dücit, dücés. 4. Prdmovet, édicéba- 
tis, ponémus. 5. Redüces, redücimus, redücunt. \ 


186. Translate: 


(a) 1. They were losing, you lose, you will lose. 2. You 
will send back, you are sending back, you send back. 3. I 
shall lead out, they will lead out, you will lead out. 4. We 
shall fight, we shall move, we shallsend. 5. We are leading, 
they were pitching camp. 

(b) 1. He will lead out, we were placing, you are sending. 
2. I lose, we shall place, we were leading. 3. They will 
lead, we shall lose, I am sending. 4. He is sending away, 
we place, they lead. 5. We were sending, I shall send, you 
were leading. 

RULES 

187. Apposition. — A noun or pronoun in apposition 

with another noun or pronoun agrees with it in case. 


We saw the city of Rome. Vidimus urbem Rómam. 
The boy loves his sister Julia. Puer sororem Iüliam amat. 


68 LATIN LESSONS 


188. Parsing. — To parse a verb, give: 
(1) Conjugation, (2) principal parts, (8) voice, (4) 
mood, (5) tense, (6) person, (7) number, (8) rule. 


In § 189, a, 1, remittit would be parsed as follows: remittit: third 
conjugation ; principal parts, remitto, remittere, remisi, remissus; active 
voice; indicative mood ; present tense; third person; singular number ; 
agreeing with the subject nauta. Rule: A verb agrees with its subject 
in person and number. 


EXERCISES 
189. Translate, and parse each indicative verb form: 


(a) 1. Nauta, potens vir, nàvés remittit. 2. Caesar, bonus 
dux, eastra ponet. 3, Pater bonus ad filiam Iüliam multa 
dona mittit. 4. Viri omnia tela amittent. 5. Caesar, im- 
perator magnus, ad proelium milites Romanos saepe édicit. 


Roman Bow, Arrow, and Javelin. 


(b) 1. Animàlia in vieum redücere nón potuérunt. 2. Viri 
frümento decem véloces navés compléverant. 3. Tertia 
vigilia fidus civis ad oppidum nüntium mittet. 4. Dux cir- 
cum mürum virós feré cotidie dücet et portas urbis vidébit. 
5. Virl semper fortes fuerunt et patriam amáàvérunt. : 


190. Translate: 

(a) 1. Boys often lose (their) books. 2. The citizens will 
place heavy stones on the wall. 3. The children are leading 
the horses to the river and will give the animals water. 
4. We had not been able to destroy the cities of the enemy. 
5. In the summer of the third year of the war Caesar will 


1 Pronounce the Latin words in groups and translate in groups. 


THIRD CONJUGATION. APPOSITION 69 


break camp and will send the soldiers back into the city of 
Rome. 

(b) 1. Many (persons) have been wounded with swords by 
(their) companions. 2. We could not'piteh the camp in a 
swamp. 3. We were glad to send (gladly sent) the women 
and children back to the fortifications. 4. The Gauls ought 
to send (their) weapons with great care. 5. The large ships 
will have been seized by Caesar. 


ORAL EXERCISE 


191. Answer these questions in Latin: 


1. Quid nauta videt? 2. Estne nauta in mari? | 3. Ubi 
Cesar eastra ponet? 4. Duxne viros édücit? -5. Laboràsne 
cum diligentià cotidie? 


Roman Boxers. 


This is commonly called Dares and Entellus, from a famous encounter described 
in Virgil's Aeneid, Book V, lines 362-484. 


LESSON XXII 


THIRD CONJUGATION. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE 
Lux et veritas. — Light and truth-* 


192. Following the rules in § 72 conjugate düco through 
the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect active. Compare 
with § 588. 


193. VOCABULARY: 

auxi/lium, auxi/li, n., aid, help; | scri bo,  scri'bere, scrip’si, 
pl., auxiliary forces, troops. scrip'/tus, write. 

finis, -is, (ium), m., end; pl,  conscri'bo, -ere, -p'si, -p/tus, 
territory. enroll, enlist, levy. 

i'ter, iti'neris, n., journey, road, | cur'ro, cur/rere, cucur’ri, 
march. cur/sus, run. 

lux, lü'cis, f., light. relin'quo, relin'quere, reli/qui, 

prin'ceps, -cipis, m., chief. relic/tus, leave. 

primus, -a, -um, frst; prima _ trans, prep. with acc., across. 
lüce, at daybreak. cür, interrog. adv., why ? 


194. What Latin words do the following’ suggest? 


scripture current primary relinquish 


RULE 
195. Ablative of Cause. — Cause may be expressed by 
the ablative usually without a preposition. 


The man ran from fear. Vir timore cucurrit. 
Caesar praised the soldiers on account of their victories. Caesar 
victoriis milites laudavit. 


* The motto of Yale University. 


70 


THIRD CONJUGATION T1 


EXERCISES 


196. Translate, and explain the use of each ablative 
and accusative : 

(a) 1. Dux diligentià fidum militem laudàvit. 2. Liberi 
perieulo cucurrérunt. 3. Princeps vietorià magna viros lau- 
dabit. 4. Caesar auxilia trans flümen düxerit. 5. Réx 
multàs et longas litterás ad centurionem scripsit. 

(b) 1. Iter non longum erat. 2. Ad castra auxilia remittere 
debemus. 3. In finibus Gallorum multos milites conscripserit. 
4. Ex finibus hostium in urbem régis cucurristi. 5. Prima 
lüce princeps in eastris auxilia reliquit. 


197. Translate: 


(a) 1. The end of the journey willbeinaswamp. 2. The 
«Soldiers ran because of (their) great fear. 3. The Romans 
cannot send back aid to the town on account of the great 
danger. 4. The journey into the territory of thé enemy was 
short. 5. The mothers will praise the children for (their) 
diligence. 

(b) 1. I shall write letters and send (them) to (my) friends. 
2. In time of war the men leave the women and children in 
the town. 3. The horse ran with great swiftness. 4. At 
daybreak we had led the soldiers out of camp. 5. Ten 
weary men left the battle and were blamed by the chief. 


| ORAL EXERCISE 
198. Answer these questions in Latin: 


1. Car dux laudabitur? 2. Ubi (place) prima legio fuerat ? 
3. Cir potentes hostes superábantur? 4. Cur viri eurrunt ? 
5. Quid rex seripsit ? ; 


LESSON XXIII 


THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE 
Nec pluribus impar.—A match for many.* 


199. Following the rules in Lesson XV, conjugate 
dics through the indicative passive. Compare with § 588. 
Note the only peculiarity in the passive. 


200. VOCABULARY 
cl'vitàs, -ta'tis, f., state. ob'ses, ob'sidis, m. and f., hos- 
co'hors, cohor'tis, f., cohort (the tage, pledge, security. 
tenth part of a legion). Orá'tio, -O'nis, f., speech, oration. 
e'ques, e'quitis, m., horseman; pe’des, pe/ditis,.m., foot soldier, 
pl., cavalry. pL, infantry. 
léx, le'gis, f., law. vul'nus, vul'/neris, n., wound. 
nó/men, -inis, n., name. par, (gen.) pa/ris, adj., equal. 


201. What Latin words do the followinó suggest? 


legal equestrian nominate pedestrian 


EXERCISES ON VERB FORMS 


202. Analyze each form: 


1. Ductierant, misit, curram, conseripti sumus. 2. Videt, 
dücet, visae erimus, edüxit. 9. Positum erat, relinquar, 
scribétur, missa est. 4. Dtceris, düceris, àmittebantur, dabi- 
tur. 5. Habébit, amaberis, remittentur, edücimini. 


* The motto of Louis XIV. Literally: Not unequal to more. 
12 


THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE is 


203. Transiate: 


1. They have led out, we shall be sent. 2. The letter will 
be written, had been written. 3. They had run, you (plur.) 
will run, run. 4. We had been led back, it was placed, I 
led. 5. It has been moved, we shall move, I was seeing. 


RULE 


204. Ablative of Specification.— The ablative of speci- 
fication may be used with a verb, noun, or adjective to 
define its application. It answers the question “In what 
respect ?” 

He was king in name. Réx nomine erat. 


The boy was small in body. Puer corpore parvus erat. 
He was not surpassed in courage. Virttite nOn superabatur. 


EXERCISES 


205. Translate, and parse all the nouns in the abla- 
tive case: 

(a) 1. Principés virtüte ab obsidibus superatisunt. 2. Equi 
ducum celeritate pares erunt. 3. Leges civitatis bonae erant. 
4. Equus eeleritáte superabatur. 5. Auxilia virtüte equites 
superaverunt. 

(b) 1. Oratid longa scribétur. 2. Centurio decimae 
legidnis in castris relictus erat. 3. Nomina centuridnum 
in libro seribuntur. 4. Par numerus peditum et auxiliorum 
à Caesare conscribétur. 5. Dux fortis magna celeritate . 
currit, et tertiam cohortem legionis reliquit. 


! 


206. Translate: 


(a) 1. (There) was a city, Rome by name. 2. The cav- 
alry and infantry will be equal in courage. 3. The state was 
destroyed by bad citizens. 4. At daybreak the hostages 
were sent into the city. 5. The chiefs friend has written 
many orations. 


T4 LATIN LESSONS 


(b) 1. They blamed the king on account of the severe 
laws. 2. Many cohorts had been enlisted aeross the river, 
and Caesar pitched his camp in the territory of the enemy. 


\\ n 
Naty 
NS 


Me Fas | 
j ea 
y AM 


Roman Cavalry. 


3. The town has many gates, and in time of war many soldiers 
are left on the wall. 4. They sent the horseman into camp 
on account of his wounds. 5. In the first watch we can see 
the camp of the Gauls. 


ORAL EXERCISE 


207. Answer these questions in Latin, using the passive 
voice in 1,3,and 4: 

1. Quis litteràs scribet ? 2. Ubi castra pdnébas ? 
3. Ubi téla relinquébantur? 4. Quis orátiones scribit ? 
5. Cür pedes cucurrit ? 


LESSON XXIV 


REVIEW 
Justitia omnibus. — Justice for alt.* 


208. Derivatives. — Write all the English words you 
can, which seem to be derived from the following: 


populus. debeo possum: compleo 

düco mitto pono auxilium 
finis iter lüx princeps 
primus scribo curro relinquo 

lex nomen orátio pedes 


209. Form Drill. — 1. Name each of the three stes of 
laudo, moveo, mittó. 2. In the third conjugation of what 
tenses are the following the signs: e, i, ba, era, eri? 
3. Conjugate possum through the indicative mood. 


210. Syntax Drill. — 1. What is a complementary infint- 
tive? 2. Give the rule for apposition, cause, specification, 
and illustrate each with a Latin sentence. 3. Give 
the principal parts and the stems of the following verbs: 


dücó, pono, scribo, curro, relinquo. 


211. EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING 


1. Agricola bonus in agris equos multos et vélocés habébit. 
2. Partem hostium superare potueramus. 3. Copiae Romanae 
inripàflüminis castra ponebant. 4. Hostés ex oppido mittere 
non possumus. 5. Equi tràns agrum in silvàs cucurrérunt. 
6. Prima lice milites castra reliquerunt. 7. In Gallia im- 
perator milites fortes conscripserat. 8. Victoria ducis civitati 
nüntiábitur. 9. Obsidés in vicum parvum  remittentur. 


* The motto of the District of Columbia. 
15 


76 LATIN LESSONS 


10. Litterae multae à rege scriptae sunt et trans flimen in 
fines hostium missae sunt. 


MAGNUS IMPERATOR 


219. Caesar erat magnus imperator Romanus. Multos 
milites habebat. Omnes milités fortes erant sed Caesar decimae 
legionis milites laudabat. Erant multa et longa itinera et 
milites defessi saepe erant. Tertia vigilia imperátor in ripà 
flüminis hostes vidit et ex castris copiàs vocavit. 


A Bridge near Rome. 


Erat parva palüs inter copias Caesaris et Gallorum sed 
virtüs legionum magna erat et milites pericula non timebant. 
Brevi tempore Romani gladiis et pilis Gallos superavérunt. 
Multos agros vastavérunt et multa et magna oppida hostium 
délébantur. Signum tuba dabatur et milites ad imperatorem 
vocabantur. Caesar militibus fortibus et-legatis dona magna 
dabat. 


LESSON XXV 


COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 
Magna est vis consuetudinis. — Great is the force of habit. 


213. Adjectives expressing quality are compared,! in 
Latin as in English, in three ways, regularly, irregularly, 
and by the use of the Latin words for * more" and ** most." 


214. Regular Comparisons. — ‘The comparative is formed 
by adding -ior, neut., ius, and the superlative by adding 
-issimus, -a, -um to the base of the positive. 

Long, longus ; longer, longior; longest, longissimus. 
Swift, velox; swifter, velocior; swiftest, velocissimus. 


(a) The comparative may be translated swifter, more swift, too swift, 
or rather swift ; the superlative, swiftest, most swift, or very swift. 


215. Compare the following : 
brevis fortis altus poténs 


216. The comparative is declined like adjectives of the 
third declension, two endings, the neuter ending in -ius. 
They are not i-stems. 


217. Longior, longer. Base, longior- 
SINGULAR PLURAL 

Mas. and Fem. NEUTER Mas. and FEM. NEUTER 
Nom. lon'gior lon'gius longio'res longio/ra 
Gen. longio'ris longio'ris longio'rum longio/'rum 
Dat. longio/ri longio/ri longio'ribus longio'ribus 
Acc. longio'rem  lon'gius longio'res longio'ra 
Abl. ]longio're longio're longio'ribus longio'ribus 


1 Compare $$ 677 and 678. 
£y 


78 LATIN LESSONS 


218. The superlative is declined like magnus, -a, -um. 


219. VOCABULARY 

altitü'do, altitü'dinis, f., height, pax, pà'cis, f., peace. 

depth. pons, pon'tis, m., bridge. 
Germà'nia, -ae, f., Germany. vis, —, —, vim, vi, f., force; pl. 
Germà'nus, -1, m., a. German. vi/rés, vi/rium, etc., strength 
Germà'nus, -a, -um, German. (usually bodily strength). 
magnitü'do, magnitü'dinis, f, v6x, vO'cis, f. voice, word, ex- 

greatness, size. pression. 
multitü/do, multitü'dinis, f., quam, adv. than. 

great number, multitude. aut, conj. or. 


220. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


multitude vim vocal magnitude 


RULE 


221. Ablative with the Comparative. — The comparative 
is followed by the ablative! when quam (than) is omitted. 


The boy is braver than his sister. Puer fortior est sorore. 
The javelin is longer than the sword. Pilum longius gladio est. 


EXERCISES 


222. Translate, and decline each adjective: 


(a) 1. Germàni fortiores fuerunt Gallis. 2. Iter brevius 
erit. 3. Reges Germàni semper civibus potentióres erant. 
4. Viriviribus feminàs superant. 5. Homines in pace saepe 
fortiorés sunt quam in bello. 

(b) 1. Multitüdo telorum gravissimorum in ponte relieta 
est. 2. Cohors in finibus Germánorum cotidie cdnscripta 
erat. 3. Imperator voce consulis vocabatur. .4. Altitüdo 
müri est magna. 95. Patrés magnitüdine corporum filios 
superabunt. 


— 


1 This ablative can be used only instead of the nominative or accusative. 


i 
a. 
E 
ES 

E 
E 
d 
E 
o 
[aA 
« 


COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 19 


223. Translate: 


(a) 1. Seas are deeper and wider than rivers. 2. Nights 
are very short in summer. 3. The infantry are often braver 
than the cavalry. 4. The consul’s speeches are longer than 
(those) of the citizens. 5. Caesar with his powerful cavalry 
excelled the Germans in strength. 

(6) 1. He was king of the Germans in name. 2. The 
mountain surpassed the wall in height. 3. The bravest men 
love peace. 4. The weary infantry could not pitch camp in 
Germany. 5. The Roman cohorts surpassed the Gauls in 
the great number of their men. 


ORAL EXERCISE 


224. Answer these questions in Latin: 

1. Eratne Caesar fortior Marco? 2. Ubi homines fortis- 
simi sunt? 3. Estneiterbreve? 4. Ctr liberi laudàbantur ? 
5. Nonne decem cohortes in legione sunt ? 


Caesar's Famous Bridge across the Rhine. 


LESSON XXVI 


COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES IN -E£R AND -L/S 


Similia similibus curantur.— Like cures like.* 


225. Adjectives ending in -er form their superlatives 
by adding -rimus, -a, -um, to the nominative singular 
masculine of the positive. 


mi'ser mise'rior miser'rimus 
a'cer a/crior ! acer/rimus 


/ 


226. Five adjectives in -lis form their superlatives by 
adding -limus, -a, -um to the base of the positive. 


POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE 
fa'cilis, easy facilior facil/limus 
diffi/cilis, difficult difficillior difficil'limus 
si'milis, like simi'lior simil/limus 
dissi'milis, unlike dissimi'lior dissimil/limus 
hu/milis, low humi'lior humil/limus 


227. Compare the following : 


celer pulcher liber facilis 
228. | VOCABULARY 
disci'pulus, -i, m., pupil. si'milis, -e, like, similar. 
mos, mO'ris, m., custom; pl., char- ^ dissi'milis, -e, unlike, dissimilar. 
acter, manners. .  mni'hil (or nil) n., indeclinable 
difficilis, -e, difficult. noun, nothing. 
fa/cilis, -e, easy. privàá'/tus, -a, -um, private. 


* Literally: Like things are cared for by like. 

1The comparative is formed regularly, i.e. by adding -ior to the base of 
the positive. 
80 


COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 81 


229. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


disciple similar morals facility 


RULE 


230. Dative with Adjectives. — The dative is used to 
complete the meaning of adjectives meaning like,! unlike, 
. equal, unequal, and near. 

A sword is not like a javelin. Gladius piló nón similis est. 

The boys are not equal to their fathers in courage. Pueri virtüte 
patribus non pares sunt. 


EXERCISES 

231. Translate: 

(a) 1. Iter facillimum erit. 2. Bellum pàci dissimillimum 
semper fuit. 3. Discipulus moribus patris similis erat. 
4. Nihil bonis amicis par esse potest. 5. Itinera difficiliora 
fuerunt. 

(b) 1. Privàtus civis par viribus equiti erat. 2. Oppidum 
pulehrius urbe visum erat. 3. Dux multa tela ad milites 
misit. 4. Multa et pulcherrima animàlia in mari visa sunt. 
5. Caesar in flümine Galliae pontem aedificavit. 


232. Translate: 


(a) 1. Thesoldiers were very active. 2. The book is not dif- 
ficult, but very easy. 3. Javelins are unlikeswords. 4. Noth- 
ing had been more difficult than a journey on the sea. 5. The 
character of the Romans was very unlike that of the Germans. 

(b) 1. The soldiers had been led out of the camp at day- 
break. 2. Mareus had been more active than his brother. 
3. The ditch around the wall was very deep and wide. 
4. The river is rather long and very deep. 5. Many bridges 
have been built aeross? very wide rivers. 


1 With similis, use the genitive when the reference is to a person. 
2 Across (on, as in this sentence), in with the ablative; across (on the other 
side of ), trans with the accusative. 


82 LATIN LESSONS 


ORAL EXERCISE 


233. Answer these questions in Latin: 


1. Estne liber difficilior ? 2. Nonne puer discipulus bonus 
est? 3. Erantne servi pares dominis? 4. Quid potest 
pulehrius esse rosa? 5. Estne urbs similis oppido ? 


The Arch of Titus at Rome. 


Compare this with the picture on page 24. 


LESSON XXVII 


IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 


Salus populi suprema lex esto. — Let the safety of the people be the 
highest law.* 


234. The following adjectives are irregularly compared: 


POSITIVE : COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE 
bo/nus, good me'lior, better op/timus, best 
ma'lus, bad pelior, worse pes'simus, worst 
mag/nus, great maior, greater max/imus, greatest 
par/vus, small mi'nor (minus), mi'nimus, smallest 

: smaller 
mul'tus, much plü'/rimus, most 
mul'tum (neut.)  plüs, more plü'rimum, most 
mul'ti, many pli’rés, more plü'rimi, most 
se'nex, old se'nior (ma/ior max/imus nati, oldest, 
na'/tü!), older, elder eldest 

iu'venis, young iü'nior (mi'nor mi/nimus nà'tü, youngest 


nàá/tü), younger 


235. Four adjectives with regular comparatives have 
two irregular superlatives : 


POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE 

ex'terus, exte’rior, extré/mus or ex'timus, 
outward outer outermost, last 

in'ferus, infe’rior, in/fimus or imus, 
low lower lowest 

pos'terus, poste'rior, postré/mus or pos/tumus, 
following later last, next | 

su'perus, supe’rior, supré/mus or sum/mus, 
above T higher highest, last 


* The motto of Missouri. 
1 Natt, in age, is ablative of specification and does not change its form as 
do maior, maximus, minor, and minimus to agree with their nouns. 


83 


84 LATIN LESSONS 


236. The following adjectives have no positive, but are 
formed from prepositions : 


PREP. POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE 
(cis, citra) x cite/rior, hither ci'timus, hithermost 
(in, intra) — inte'rior, inner in'timus, innermost 
(prae, pro) ue pri'or, former pri/mus, first 
(prope) -—- pro’pior, nearer prox'imus, nearest, next 
(ultra) ee ulte/rior, farther ul'timus, last 


237. Adjectives which have a vowel before the ending 
-us usually form the comparative and superlative by the 
use of the adverbs magis, more and maxime, most; idó'neus, 


magis idó'neus, maximé idó'neus. 


238. VOCABULARY 
cite'rior, cite/rius, hither. pos'terus, -a, -um, following. 
ex'terus, -a, -um, outward. pro'/pior, pro'pius, nearer, nezt. 
In'ferus, -a, -um, low. se/nex, gen., se'nis, old. 
iu/venis, -e, young. su/perus, -a, -um, above. 
ido'neus, -a, -um, fil, suitable. — ulte'rior, -ius, farther. 
pri'or, pri'us, former. Helve'tii, -o'rum, m., Helvetians. 


239. What Latin words do the following suggest? 
exterior priority juvenile senior 


EXERCISES 

240. Translate, and compare all the adjectives : 

(a) 1. Virtüs Helvetiorum maxima erat. 2. Vidimus 
minus oppidum. 3. Puer maior nàtü est sorore. 4. Sum- 
mus! mons ab hostibus visus est. 5. Sumus? in inferiore 
parte flüminis. 

(b) 1. Nihil melius est quam boni mores. 2. Caesar in 
citeriore Gallia obsides retinuit. 3. Propidrés Romae quam 


1 Top of the mountain. 2 Compare summus and sumus. 


IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 85 


eastris fueramus. 4. Proxima nocte in ulteridrem Galliam 
cóplàs misimus. 5. Prima pars 
libri facilior extremà habita est. 


241. Translate : 


(a) 1. Small animals are often 
rather beautiful. 2. The boy's 
companion can be very good. 
3. Very many wars were very 
long. 4. The youngest soldiers 
are often the most active. 5. The 
citizens are very bad. 

(b) 1. Hither Gaul is nearer to 
Rome than farther Gaul. 2. The 
centurion’s wounds had been very 
severe. 93. (There) are forests on 
the top of the mountain. 4. The 
smaller ships were better than the 
larger (ones). 5. We are hasten- 
ing into the territory of the enemy 
and shall destroy the smaller towns.  Light-armed Roman Soldier. 


PHRASES FROM CAESAR 
242. Commit to memory with the translations : 


1. Jh citeriore Gallia. 2. In ulteriore Gallia. 3. Prox- 
imà nocte. 4. Castra movit. 5. Castra posuit. 


LESSON XXVIII 


FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 


Cedant arma togae.— '' Peace hath her victories no less renowned 
=> 
than war.’’* 


243. Adverbs! are derived from adjectives. They are 
formed from adjectives of the first and second declensions 
by adding -é to the base: wide, latus; widely, late. From 
adjectives of the third declension they are formed by add- 
ing -ter or -iter to the base:? sharp, acer; sharply, acriter. 


244. The comparison of adverbs is like that of the ad- 
jectives from which they are derived, except that the 
comparative ends in -ius, and the superlative in -&. 


Adj. latus, wide latior, wider latissimus, widest 
Adv. làte, widely latius, more widely — latissime, most widely 
Adj. acer, sharp acrior, sharper acerrimus, sharpest 


Adv. acriter, sharply acrius, more sharply acerrime, most sharply 


245. VOCABULARY 
Ci'cero, -d/nis, m., Cicero. — diligen'ter, carefully, diligently. 
collis, -is, m., hill. fa'cile, easily. 


ge/r6, ge/rere, ges/si, ges/tus,  for'titer, bravely. 
carry on; with bellum, wage  pa/rum, adv., little. 


war. quam, followed by the superla- 
a'criter, sharply, fiercely. _tive, as possible. 
cele/riter, quickly. quómo'do, interrog. adv., how. 
di'ü, diü'tius, diütis'sime, long, — at'que, conj., and also, and. 

for a long time. sex, indeclinable adj., six. 


* Cicero. The motto of Wyoming. Literally: Let arms give way to the 


toga. 
1 Compare $$ 703-706. 
? Except facile, easily. When the base ends in -nt (potent-), it drops the 
t before adding -ter. 
86 


ADVERBS 87 


246. What Latin words do the following suggest ? 


facile celerity sextette acrid 


RULE 


247. Ablative of Degree of Difference. — Degree of 
difference is expressed by the ablative without a preposi- 
tion. | 

Six feet higher. Sex pedibus altior. | 

The boy is a year older than his sister. Puer annó senior est quam 


SOIOI.. 


(a) The ablative annó denotes the degree of difference in age. 


EXERCISES 
248. Translate; compare each adjective and adverb : 


(a) 1. Dia atque àeriter pugnadvérunt. 2. Pater multis 
annis senior quam filius est. 95. Légati quam diligentissime 
laboráverant. 4. Mons plürimis pedibus altior colle erat. 
5. Cicero sex annis maior nati quam Caesar fuit. 

(b) 1. Bella in extremis finibus Helvetiorum gesta sunt. 
2. Fémina minus facile atque minus celeriter cucurrit quam 
filia. 3. Romani cum Germanis bellum saepissime gerébant. 
4. Roma citeridri Galliae quam ulteriori propior est. 5. Mil- 
tes fortes magna oppida hostium facillime delere possunt. 


Note. — An adverb generally stands before the word which it modifies. 


249. Translate: 


(a) 1. Peace is better than war. 2. The trees were six 
feet higher than the wall. 3. The tired men could not fight 
longer. 4. The farmer labored more diligently than the 
sailor. 5. The enemy led out their forces as quickly as 
possible. | 

(b) 1. They will hasten by forced (very great) marches into 
the farthest territory of the Gauls. 2. The ships were very 


88 LATIN LESSONS 


small. 3. The commander-in-chief will wage war as fiercely 
as possible. 4. On the following night we seized the top of 
the mountain. 5. The old Roman fought more fiercely than 
his son. 


Cicero. 


PHRASES FROM CAESAR 
250. Commit to memory with the translations: 


1. Minus facile. 2. Diü atque àeriter. 3. Quam fortis. 
sime. 4, Primàlüce. 5. Prima aestate. 


LESSON XXIX 


REVIEW 
Nil sine numine. — Nothing without divine $uidance- 


251. Derivatives. — Write all the English words you 
can, that seem to be derived from the following : 


pàx vis vox facilis 
similis humilis senex iuvenis 
prior superus diligenter celeriter 


252. Form and Word Drill. — 1. How are adjectives 
regularly compared? 2. How are adjectives ending in 
-er compared? 3. Give the list of five adjectives in -lis 
having peculiar superlatives. +4. How are comparatives 
declined? Decline melior. 5. How are superlatives 
declined ? Decline optimus. 6. Compare prior, facilis, 
propior, senex, citerior, nobilis, superus, idoneus, inferus. 
7. Compare the Latin adjectives for the following, and 
form and compare the adverbs made from these adjectives: 


sharp short good ! quick dear 
difficult faithful brave heavy wide 
Sree bad beautiful small? swift 


253. Syntax Drill. — Review all the rules learned thus 
far. 
* The motto of Colorado. Literally: Nothing without divinity. 


1 Ady. bene. 2 Ady. parum, 
89 


90 LATIN LESSONS 


EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING 


254. 1. Légés civitatis à civibus bonis laudátae sunt. 
2. Obsides multi ad Caesarem à Germanis missi sunt. 
3. Filius magnitüdine corporis patrem superat. 4. Galli et 
Germáni dissimillimi erant. 5. Prima lice discipuli trans 


Cornelia and Her Jewels. 


habébat Tiberium et Gaium Gracchum. 
maximam urbem, incolébant. 


agrum cucurrérunt. 
6. Milites Germàni 
brevissimo itinere et 
magna cum celeritàte 
ad urbem properdaver- 
ant et müros delever- 
ant. 7. Consules régi- 
bus  meliorés saepe 
sunt. 8. Obsides 
trans mare nàvibus 
portàti erant. 9. Iülia 
iünior est quam frater 
Marcus. 10. Ger- 
mani fortius pugnavé- 
runt quam pugnabunt. 


B 


CoRNELIAE ORNA- 
MENTA 


255. Cornelia fém- 
ina Romana erat et op- 
tima mater. Filios 
Mater et filii Romam, 


Diligentia Corneliae matris Graechi Graecàs litteras atque 


bonós morés docébantur. 


Campana fémina Corneliae sua ornàmenta, quae (which) 
pulcherrima erant, monstrábat et laudabat. Cornéliae dixit, 


«* Habésne nülla órnàmenta ? ? 


Cornélia respondit, * Mei pueri oórnàmenta sunt mea." 


LESSON XXX 


FOURTH DECLENSION. GENITIVE OF THE WHOLE 
Quorum magna pars fui.— In which I was a chief actor.* 


256. 'lhe fourth declension consists of those nouns whose 
genitive singular ends in -üs. Those ending in -us in the 
nominative singular are masculine, with a few exceptions. 
Those whose nominative ends in ü are neuter. : 


257. Exer'citus, m., army. Bask, exercit- 
SINGULAR TERMINA- PLURAL TERMINA- 

TIONS TIONS 

Nom. exer'citus us exer'citüs üs 

Gen. exer'citüs üs exerci'tuum uum 

Dat.  exerci'tui ul exerci'tibus ibus 

Acc. exer'citum um exer'eitüs üs 

Abl.  exer'citü ü exerci'tibus ibus 


Cornü, n., horn. BaAsE, corn- 


Nom. cor'nü ü cor'nua ua 
Gen. cor'nüs üs cor/nuum uum 
Dat. cor'nü ü cor'nibus ibus 
Acc. cor'nü ü cor/nua ua 
Abl.  cor'nü ü cor'nibus ibus 


Domus, f., house, home, sometimes has the endings of the second de- 
clension in the genitive, dative, and ablative singular, and in the genitive 
and accusative plural. Learn the declension of domus, $ 568. 


* Virgil. Literally: Of which I was a large part. 
91 


92 LATIN LESSONS 


258. VOCABULARY 

cor/nü, -üs, n., horn, wing (of an  dex'ter, -tra, trum, right, right: 

army). hand. 
do/mus, -üs, f., house, home. sinis/ter, -tra, -trum, left-hand. 
exer/citus, -üs, m., army. | susti/neO, -é/re, -ui, -ten'tus, 
impetus, -üs, m., attack. check, withstand.’ 
ma/nus, -üs, f. hand, band (of bene, adv., well. 

soldiers). vél6/citer, adv., swiftly. 
occa’/sus, tis, m., setting. inter, prep. with acc., between, 
801, s6/lis, m., sun. among. 


259. What Latin words do the followings suggest: 


cornucopia manual : solar domestic 


RULES 


260. Genitive of the Whole. — The genitive denoting the 
whole of which a part is taken, is called the Genitive of 
the Whole.! . 


Part of the soldiers. Pars militum. 
The bravest of the men were in the army. Fortissimi virorum in 
exercitü erant. 


Note. — Virorum denotes the whole of which fortissimi is a part. 
The ablative with de or ex is sometimes used instead of the genitive 
of the whole, especially after cardinal numbers. One of the boys. 
Unus ex pueris. Ten of the horses were seen in the field. Decem ex 
equis in agró videbantur. : 


EXERCISES 
261. Translate, and parse all the verbs : 


(a) 1. Fortissimus omnium  Rómànorum erat Caesar. 
2. Decem ex militibus quam fortissimi fuerant. 3. Multi 
Helvetiorum vulneráti erant. 4. Pars manüs à dextro. 
cornü? videbatur. 5. Solis occásü Caesar summo in colle 


castra posuit. 


1 Sometimes called the Partitive Genitive. 2 On the right wing. 


FOURTH DECLENSION 93 


(b) 1. Domus Caesaris pulcherrima erat. 2.: Imperator 
sinistro cornt exereitüs propior quam dextro erat. 3. Milites 
velocissimé cucurrerunt et bellum bene gessérunt. 4. Im- 
petüs dextri cornis facile sustinebimus. 5. Multae et max- 
imae arbores inter domum et flümen videbantur. 


262. Translate: 


(a) 1. We saw the houses of the enemy on the top of the 
hill. 2. Nothing could be equal to Caesar's armies. 3. Six 
of the attacks have been withstood very bravely. 4. War 
was waged long and fiercely in the territory of the Gauls. 
5. Part of the bands of the enemy withstood the Roman army 
as well as possible. 

(b) 1. At sunset the soldiers fought less easily. 2. Very 
many attacks of the enemy have been withstood by Caesar's 
forces. 3. Good laws are praised by the best citizens, but 
not by bad men. 4. The left wing of Caesar’s army was not 
like the right (wing). 5. The soldiers on the left wing 
fought six hours longer than (those) on the right (wing). 


PHRASES FROM CAESAR 
263. Commit to memory with the translations : 


1. Solis occasi. 2. A dextro cornü. 29. A Sinistró 
eornü. 4. Ab summo colle. 5. Ab superiore parte. 


LESSON XXXI 


FIFTH DECLENSION. DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES 
Carpe diem, — Seize the opportunity.* 


264. The fifth declension consists of nouns whose geni- 
tive singular ends in -éi.1 They are feminine, with a few 
exceptions. 


265. di/és,m.,day. BaAsE,di- rés, f-, thing. Basn, r- 


SINGULAR TERMINA- 
TIONS 
Nom. di'és rés és 
Gen. dié'i re/i él 
Dat. di& re'i éi 
Acc. di'em rem em 
Abl. die ré é 
PLURAL 
om. dilé rés és 
N di/és 
Gen. dié'rum ré/rum érum 
Dat. dié'bus ré'bus ébus 
PUR 3 - 
Acc. dilés rés és 
Abl. dié/bus ré/bus ébus 


266. Rés püb'iica and iüs iüran'dum are compound nouns. 


(a) Rés ptiblica = res + fem. adj. püblica, meaning the public affair ; 


that is, the state. Both parts of the word are declined. 

(b) Its iürandum = iis + neuter gerundive iürandum. Iüs is a 
neuter noun of the third declension, and iürandum is declined like the 
neuter of magnus. Both parts of the word are declined. 


* Horace. Literally: Grasp the day. 
1 Genitive and dative singular end in -61 when a vowel precedes, in -ei when 
a consonant precedes. 


94 


FIFTH DECLENSION 95 
267. VOCABULARY 
a/ciés, acié’I, f., line of battle. ius, iü'ris, n., right, law. 
ami’cus, -a -um, friendly. lo'cus, -1, m. (pl., loca, n.), place, 
inimi'cus, -a, -um, unfriendly. location. 


iniml'cus, 1, m., a personal enemy. — x8s, re^, f., thing, affair. 
(Compare hostis, a public rés pü'blica, re'I pü'blicae, f., 


enemy.) state, republic. 
di'es, dié/I, m., day. pau'ci, -ae, -a, fcw. 
iüs iüran'dum,iü'risiüran'di,n.,  ü'tilis, -e, useful. 

oath. inü'tilis, -e, useless. 


268. What Latin words do the following suggest ? 
location utility republic paucity 


RULE 


969. Dative with Adjectives. — Adjectives meaning dear, 
faithful, friendly, suitable, useful, and their opposites take 
the dative. 


The place is suitable for a camp. Locus castris idoneus est. 
The slaves are faithful to their masters. Servi dominis fidi sunt. 


EXERCISES 


270. Translate, and compare the adjectives and ad- 
verbs : 

(a) 1. Liberi matricarissimierant. 2. Boni civés rei püb- 
lieae fidi semper fuérunt. 3. Romani locum idóneum castris 
viderunt. 4. Téla militibus sunt ütilissima. 5. Its iüran- 
dum duci 4 militibus datum est. 

(b) 1. Aestate dies noctibus longidrés sunt. 2. Pauci ami- 
corum militum ad collem missi erunt. 93. Hostés primam 
aciem fortiter oppugnabant. 4. Iüre belli obsides victori 
dabuntur. 5. Locus castris idoneus fuit, sed acier inütilis. 


271. Translate: 


(a) 1. Part of the army was unfriendly to the general. 
2. A faithful son can be useful to his old father. 3. We are 


96 LATIN LESSONS 


friendly to our friends and faithful to our chief. 4. The 
hostages will be held by an oath. 5. A few places suitable 
for a line of battle have been seen. 


The Central Court of a House in Pompeii. 


(b) 1. The attack at sunset was useless. 2. At the lower 
part of the river (there) had been a bridge, 3. The day was 
a few hours longer than the night. 4. The house had been 
on the right bank of the river. 5. The line of battle was 
very long and had been seen on the top of the hill. 


ORAL EXERCISES 


272. Answer these questions tn Latin: 

1, Quis rem püblieam amavit? 2. Quis eárus matri est? 
3. Esne magistro amicus? 4. Ubiestparvapalis? 5. Quid 
est in superiore parte müri? 


LESSON XXXII 


FOURTH CONJUGATION 
Veni, vidi, vici. — I came, saw, conquered.* 


273. Verbs of the fourth conjugation end in -ire in the 
present infinitive: au'dio, audi're, audi'vi, audi'tus, hear. 
The present stem is audi-, perfect stem audiv-, participial 
stem audit-. 


(a) Learn the indicative active of audio, § 589, noting the peculiarity 
of the imperfect and the future. 


274. VOCABULARY 
au'dio, -ire, -I/vi, -l'tus, hear,  oc’t6, eight. 
hear of. mul'tó di'8, late in the day. 
mü'nio, -i're, -1'vi, -i'tus, fortify. — pos'tero di’é, on the day follow- 
ve'nio, -l're, vé'ni, ven'tus, come. ing. 
incredi'bilis, -e, incredible. plüs pos'se, to be more powerful. 


279. What Latin words do the following suggest ? 


audience incredible convene octave 


EXERCISES ON VERB FORMS 

276. Analyze each form: 

1. Audis, audivimus, audiverat, audiémus. 2. Veniébat, 
venit, vénit, vénerimus, veniunt. 3. Müniébàmus, mür- 
vérunt,münivi,müniam. 4. Mittet, müniet, dabit, laudaberis, 
visa est. 5. Potuerat, fuerat, venerat, dederat, miserat. 


* Caesar's famous message to the Roman Senate. Quoted by Suetonius. 
97 


98 LATIN LESSONS 


277. Translate, marking long vowels: 

1. We shall have heard, they will hear, we hear, I heard. 
2. He comes, we shall come, they had come, you came. 
3. They will fortify, he has fortified, I shall fortify. 4. We 
shall seize, we shall destroy, we shall send, we shall come. 
5. They saw, we lead, he can, it had been stormed. 


RULE 


278. Expressions of Place. Locative Case. —With names 
of cities and towns, with domus, home, and with ris, 
country, the preposition is not used in expressions of place. 

These words express place at which by a case called the 
Locative. Its form is like the genitive in the singular of 
nouns of the first and second declensions, otherwise like 
the ablative. 


PLACE FROM WHICH 


Jrom the city, ab urbe venit. 
He comes 4 from Rome, Roma venit. 
Jrom home, domo venit. 


PLACE TO WHICH 


to the city, ad urbem currit. 
He runs {to Rome, Rómam currit. 
home, domum currit. 


PLACE AT WHICH 


in the city, in urbe est. 
He is {at Rome, Romae est. 
at home, domi est. 


S EXERCISES 
279. Translate: 
(a) 1. Féminae domi! erant. 2. Multo die légatus Romam 


1 Locative. 


FOURTH CONJUGATION 99 


venit. 3. Reges plüs possunt quam civés. 4. Liberi domum 
quam celerrimé venerant. 5. Postero die equites Roma in 
castra quam velocissimée venient. 

(b) 1. Bont civés reipüblieae inimici nón erunt. 2. Amicus 
exploratoris multàs res audiet. 3. Octó ex oppidis à legioni- 
bus fortibus oppugnáta erant. 4. Nautae ex nàvibus venerunt 
sed in ripà tela reliquerunt. 5. Castra ex omnibus partibus! 
latissima fossa et altissmó müró münivimus. 


980. Translate: 


(a) 1. On the next day we heard the signal at Rome. 
2. The camp was fortified on all sides. 3. At sunset the 
children eame home. 4. Cieero was very friendly to the 
republic. 5. The infantry came to Rome with incredible 
swiftness. 

(b) 1. Courage is often more useful to a man than weapons. 
2. The place was more suitable in all respects for a line of 
battle than for a camp. 3. Eight of the legions could not 
come to Rome in the early part of summer. 4. Late in the 
day Caesar led his forces back into camp. 65. The soldiers 
of the first legion carried on war less bravely than (those) of 
the tenth. 


PHRASES FROM CAESAR 


281. Commit to memory with the translations: 


1. Domi. 2. Magna cum celeritáte. 3. Multo die. 
4. Postero die. 5. Omnibus rebus. 


1 On all sides. 


LESSON XXXIII 


FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE 
Dum spiro, spero.— While there is life there is hope.* 


282. According to the rules in Lesson XV, conjugate 
audio in the indicative passive. Compare S 589. 


283. Mille, thousand, is an indeclinable adjective in the 
singular. In the plural it is a substantive declined like 
the plural of mare, and is followed by the genitive of the 
objects enumerated. A thousand men, mille homines, but 
eight thousand men, milia hominum octo. 


(a) There is no single word in Latin for mile. A mile was one thou- 
sand paces, mille passüs. Plural, milia passuum. A Roman pace was 
the distance from where one foot touched the ground to where the same 
foot touched again, that is, two of our paces or about five feet. 


284. VOCABULARY 
latitü'do, -inis, f., width. pa'teo, -é're, -ul, —, lie open, 
longitü'do, -inis, f., length. extend. 
mi'lia, milium, n., thousands. lon'ge, adv., far. 
mil'le, adj., thousand. quam lon’gé, how far? 
pas'sus, -üs, m., pace. quam di'ü, how long ? 
ma'neO, -é're, màn'si, màn'sus,  quin'que, num. adj., indeclinable, 
remain. five. 


285. What Latin words do the followin’ sw$$est? 


latitude millennium remain quintette 


* Part of the motto of South Carolina. Literally: While I breathe, I hope. 
100 , 


oO 


FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE 101 


RULE 


286. Duration of Time. Extent of Space. — Duration of 
time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative. 


They came six miles. Milia passuum sex vénérunt. 
They fought five hours. Quinque h6ras pugnaverunt. 


EXERCISES 

287. Translate; parse all the nouns: 

(a) 1. Quinque dies Romae mansit. 2. Octó horas quam 
fortissime pugnáverant. 3. Flümen in làtitüdinem mille 
passüs patuit. 4. Multos annos bellum gesserunt. 5. Equi 
milia passuum quinque incredibili celeritate cucurrerunt. 

(6) 1. Mürum decem pedes altum aedifieabit. 2. Multae 


— res à principe et à paucis militum audiébantur. 3. Aestate ad 


urbem Romam veniétis. 4. Agri Helvetiorum in longitüdi- 
nem milia passuum multa patebant. 5. Multo die victoriam 
Romanorum audivimus. 


288. Translate: 


(a) 1. We shall remain in the city eight days. 2. They 
ran a few miles and came home late inthe day. 3. The bank 
of the river was ten feet high. 4. The territory of the 
Gauls extended many miles. 5. The attack was checked by 
a thousand soldiers on the left wing. 

(b) 1. The line of battle will be many feet long. 2. At 
daybreak the general pitched camp at the top of the hill. 
3. The tenth legion was faithful to Caesar in all respects. 
4. The town had been fortified on all sides as carefully as 
possible. 5. The chief was faithful to the army, and he was 
loved by the brave soldiers. 


ORAL EXERCISES 
289. Answer these questions in Latin: 
1. Quam diü domi manébitis? 2. Quam longé oppidum 
patébat? 3. Quam diü discipuli laborant? 4. Ubi domus 


. Caesaris erat ? 5. Quis domi est? 


LESSON XXXIV 


ADJECTIVES OF PECULIAR DECLENSION 
Audiatur et altera pars.— Let the other side be heard.: 
290. The following adjectives of the first and second 


declensions are regular in the plural, but have -tus! in the 
genitive and -1 in the dative singular of all genders : 


a/lius, other. u'ter, which (of two). 
al’ter, the other (of two). neu'ter, neither (of two). 
ül'lus, any. s6/lus, alone. 
nül'lus, no, none. to/tus, whole. 

ü'nus, one. 


(a) Learn the declension of alius, ünus, § 574 ; of deus, § 568. 


291. VOCABULARY 
capti'vus, -i, m., captive. vi'ta, -ae, f., life. 
de/a, -ae, f., goddess (-A4bus in vin'cO,-ere, vi'cI, vic/tus, con- 
dat. and abl. pl.). quer. 
de'us, -1, m., god. v1'vO, -ere, vi'xi, vic’tus,? live. 
nül'lus, nülli'us, no, none. a/lius.. .a'lius, one... another. 
Or'do, Gr/dinis, m., rank, order,  a'lii... a/lii, some . . . others. 
row. quot, iudecl. adj., how many. 


292. What Latin words do the following suggest? 
neuter invincible deity alternate 


* Seneca. Literally: Also the other part. 

1 Alter has Ius in the genitive. 

2 Compare principal parts of video, vinco, vivo, venio. 
102 


ee 


ADJECTIVES OF PECULIAR DECLENSION 108 


EXERCISES 

293. Translate : 

(a) 1. Dei simillimi deàrum sunt. 2. Alia animalia in 
mari, alia in silva vivunt. 3. Soror neutrius fratrum similis 
fut. 4. Utra puellarum maior nati est? 5. Dei üni ex 
hominibus longam vitam dederunt. 

(b) 1. Alia puella alii fabulam narnabit. 2. Totum diem 


The Goddess Juno. 


captivi quam optime laborávérunt. 3. Nüllius Orátiones 
quam Ciceronis meliores sunt. 4. Flümen milia passuum 
quinque patebat. 5. Roómaànià nüllis hostibus victi sunt. 


294. Translate: 


(a) 1. One captive is a friend, another an enemy. 2. The 
father of neither boy was at home. 36. We shall tell the 


104 LATIN LESSONS 


story to Marcus only. 4. The faithful Romans were loved 
by the gods and goddesses. 5. The gods have given longer 
life to some than to others. 

(b) 1. One friend is better than none. 2. The whole army 
had been conquered and the soldiers were living in fear every 


The Way of the Tombs, in Pompeii. 


day. 3. To which of the boys did the man give a beautiful 
gift? 4. Thesoldiers liveincampinthesummer. 5. The 
centurions of the first rank remained all day in line of battle. 


ORAL EXERCISE 
295. Answer these questions in Latin: 


1. Quot hóoràs hominés labérabunt? 2. Quam longe ve- 
nisti? | 3. Quam diü vixit? 4. Laboràbàsne totum diem ? 
5. Utra puella melior est ? 


LESSON XXXV 


REVIEW 
Vox populi vox dei.— The voice of the people is the voice of God. 


296. Derivatives. — Write all the English words you 
can, that seem to be derived from the following: 


cornü domus manus impetus 
sol dexter bene deus 
ütilis audio venió octo 
mille alter solus captivus 
ordo vita vincó vivo 


297. Form Drill. — 1. Of what genders are the nouns 
of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth declensions ? 
Decline one noun of each declension. 2. In masculine 
and feminine nouns what is always the last letter in 
the accusative singular? the accusative plural? Give 
the terminations of these cases for each declension. 
3. What are always the last two letters of the genitive 
plural? Give the terminations for each declension. 
4. What cases are always alike in neuters? How do 
these cases always end in the plural? 5. What is 
peculiar about the declension of domus ? | : 


298. Syntax Drill. — 1. Write one Latin sentence illus- 
trating the genitive of the whole, degree of difference, and 
ablative after a comparative. 2. What adjectives take 
the dative? 3. Give the different ways of expressing 
place in Latin. 4. How is duration of time expressed 

; 105 


106 LATIN LESSONS 

in Latin? 5. What is a compound noun? Decline 
one. 6. How do verbs of the fourth conjugation differ 
from others in the imperfect indicative? 7. How does 
the future indicative of the third and fourth conjugations 
differ from that of the first and second? 8. Name the , 
nine adjectives of peculiar declension. 


299. Phrase Drill — Give the following phrases in 


Latin : 


1. Howlong? 2. The first part of thesummer. 3. Long 
and fiercely. 4. Less easily. 5. As bravely as possible. 
6. How far? 7. On the top of the hill. 8. On the left 
wing. 9. At home. 10. The next day. 11. At sunset. 
12. Latein the day. 13. In all respects. 


300. EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING 


1. Omnis impetus hostium 4 militibus sustinébàtur. 
2. Nihil exercitibus Caesaris par esse potuit. 3. Palüs erat 
nón magna inter Caesaris atque hostium exereitüs. 4. Iter 
ad flümen facilimum est. 5. Milites ad urbem incredibili 
celeritate current. . 6. Oppidum altissimó müro müniemus. 
7. Prima aestate principes Gallorum domi in Gallia fuerant. : 
8. Solis occasü nüntius audiebátur. 9. Alia oppida münien- 
tur, alia delebuntur. 10. Equi milia passuum quinque 
cueurrerunt. 


Forum ROMANUM 


301. Forum Romanum erat inter Capitolium et Palatium. 
Primo parvae tabernae utrimque erant. Post multos annos 
consules et imperátores templa in Foro aedificaverunt. 

In templum Concordiae senatorés conveniebant. In rostris 
Cicer6 et alii orátores ad populum orationes habebant. Undique 
altae columnae atque simulacra deorum et statuae virorum erant. 

Togati Romani in Forum saepe conveniébant. Hine Via 


The Forum in Ancient Rome. 


REVIEW 107 


Sacra legiones Romdanae ad bellum édücébantur. Via Sacra 
legiones vietores magnis cum clàmoribus in Forum veniébant. 
Nune in Foró ruinae undique videntur. Nihil manet nisi pauca 
vestigia antiquae gloriae Rómànorum. 


LESSON XXXVI 


INFINITIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE 


Vita sine litteris mors est. — Life without letters — books —is 
death. 


302. The table below shows the formation of infinitives 
for all conjugations. . | 


ACTIVE INFINITIVES 


Present infinitive = Present stem +-re: portàre. 
Perfect infinitive = Perfect stem + -isse: portàvisse. 
Future infinitive = Participial stem + -ür + endings of 


magnus + esse: portattrus esse. 


PASSIVE INFINITIVES 


Present infinitive = Present stem + -ri: portari (except 
in the third conjugation, which makes its Present infini- 
tive = Present stem with e changed to 1: düci). 

Perfect infinitive = Participial stem + endings of magnus 
+ esse: portatus esse. 

Future infinitive = P articipial stem + -um + iri: portátum 
iri. ; 

(a) Following the above rules write all the infinitives of do, moneo, 
dücoó, audio, sum, possum. Compare $8 586, 587, 588, 589, 591. 


303. Indirect Quotation. — The words or thoughts of 
a speaker may be stated directly or indirectly. <A direct 
quotation, giving the exact words of the speaker, is stated 
thus: He said, * Thé soldiers will fight." 
108 


INFINITIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE 109 


An indirect quotation, giving the thought but not the 
exact words of the speaker, is expressed thus: He said 
that the soldiers would fight. 

In an indirect quotation in Latin the word that is not 
expressed and the statement is rendered by an infinitive 
with its subject in the accusative case: Dixit milités pug- 


nátüros esse. 


304. Tenses in Indirect Quotation. — Indirect quotation 
or indirect discourse occurs most frequently after verbs of 
saying, thinking, knowing, and the like. 

(1) The same time as that of the principal verb is de- 
noted by the present infinitive.! 

(2) Time after that of the principal verb is denoted by 
the future infinitive. 

(3) Time before that of the principal verb is denoted 
by the perfect infinitive.? 

(1) He says that the soldiers are fighting. Dicit milités pugnare. 

(2) He says that the soldiers have fought. Dicit milités pugnavisse. 

(3) He says that the soldiers will fight. Dicit milites pugnattros 

esse. 


(1) He said that the soldiers were being led. Dixit milites duct. 
(2) He said that the soldiers had been led. Dixit milites ductos 


esse. 
(3) He said that the soldiers would be led. Dixit milites ductum 
ILL 
305. VOCABULARY 
mors, mor'tis, (-ium), f., death. di'cO, -ere, di'xi, dic'/tus, say. 
münl'tio, -o/nis, f., fortification. pu’t6, -à're, -à/vI, -a/'tus, think, 
intellego, intelle/gere, intel- believe. 
l&/xi, intelléc/tus,  under-  sci'6, scl're, sci/vi, sci'tus, 
stand. — know. 
1 Compare $ 693, c. ? Compare $ 693, d. 


110 LATIN LESSONS 


306. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


mortal Science diction intelligence 


RULE 


307. Accusative and Infinitive. — The subject of an in- 
finitive is in the accusative case. 
I know that the boy will come. Scio puerum ventürum esse. 


He thought that the children had remained. Putavit liberos 
mansisse. 


EXERCISES ON FORMS 


308. Translate; give the reason for the mood, tense, 
and ending of each infinitive: 


1. Scivérunt legionem ventüram esse. 2. Dixit hostes 
vietos esse. 3. Dicet librum missum esse. 4. Puto impe- 
rátorem victum esse. 5. Scio virum victürum esse, victum 
iri, vinci. 6. Intellegunt Germànos pugnàre. 7. Intellex- 
erunt Germànos pugnare. 


309. Translate: 


1. Wethink that the ambassador has been sent, is being sent. 
2. I knew that the shout had been heard, would be heard, was 
being heard. 3. I understood that the children were writing, 
would write, had written. 4. They said that the goddesses 
had been loved, would be loved. 5. The Romans thought 
that the gods heard, would hear. 


EXERCISES 
310. Translate: 
(a) 1. Putàmus alios fortes fuisse, alios periculum timuisse. 


2. Intellexit Gallos solos bellum nón gestüros esse. 3. Dicit 
exercitum Rómànum in fines Gallorum düei posse. 4. Scivi 


1 Compare $ 715. 


INFINITIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE 111 


liberos domum mitti. 5. Légatus obsidibus nüntiat neutrum 
diü vivere posse. 

(b) 1. Caesar cum toto exereitü brevissimo tempore milia 
passuum quinque venire potuit. 2. Münitioó maxima erat. 
9. Pauci hominés timóre mortis vineuntur. 4. Romani vir- 
tite Gallos superavérunt. 5. Puer patris omnibus rébus 
similis erat. 


311. Translate: 


(a) 1. Caesar knew that the Roman soldiers were not infe- 
rior. 2. He says that many things will often be heard at 
Rome. 3. All announced that the army was being led into 
one place. 4. We understood that Caesar was coming to the 
fortification at daybreak. 5. We heard that the women and 
children had been sent into the town. 

(b) 1. Late in the day the camp was easily fortified. 
2. He will announee that the soldiers have been seen on the 
top of the hill by the forces of the enemy. 3. The lieuten- 
ants thought that Caesar had enlisted five legions in hither 
Gaul. 4. The slaves fear death. 5. We understand. that 
Caesar was the friend of the tenth legion. 


ORAL EXERCISES 
312. Answer these questions in Latin: 


1. Quid Caesar dixit? 2. Scivistine Caesarem  hostés 
vicisse? 3. Quam diü dux dixit milites pugnàtüros esse ? 
4. Cir Rómam venisti?! 5. Quot cohortes legio habet ? 


LESSON XXXVII 


DUO AND TRES 
Facta non verba.— Deeds not words. 


313. Learn the declension of duo and trés, § 575. 


314. VOCABULARY 
Bel'gae, -à'rum, m., Belgians. dimit'to, -ere, -mi’si, -mis’sus, 
spés, spe’I, f., hope. send in different directions, dis- 
confir'mo, -à're, -à'vi, -a’tus, miss. 
assert, strengthen, establish. exis'timo, -a’re, -à'vi, -a'tus, 
du'o, du'ae, du'o, adj., two. think, reckon. 
trés; tres, tri'a, adj. three. un'dique, adv., on all sides. 


315. What Latin words do the following suggest ? 


dual trinity confirm dismiss 


RULE 


316. Ablative of Separation. — Separation is expressed 
by the ablative either with or without a preposition. 


The men are freed from danger. ^ Viri periculo liberantur. 
You will free me from'great fear. Magno mé metü liberabis. 


EXERCISES 
317. Translate: | 


(a) 1. Homo timore mortis liberari potest. 2. Alum 
morte liberábo, alium perieulo. 3. Seimus equum brevissimo 
tempore milia passuum duo eurrere potuisse. 4. Nàves hos- | 
tium vélécissimé nàvigàre nón poterant. 5. Dux centurionibus i 
nüntiàbat Romànos duo oppida paucis diébus! oppugnatüros esse. 

1 $ 147. 
112 


DUO AND TRES 118 


(b) 1. Alii magnas res scribere possunt, alii multum dicunt, 
sed nihil seribunt. 2. Putàmus ducem defessoós milites dimis- 
sürum esse. 3. Principes cénfirmavérunt altos montés un- 
dique videri posse. — 4. Belgae existimavérunt spem victoriae 
maximam esse. 5. Caesar vidit omnes Belgas in ünum locum 
venisse. 


318. Translate: 


(a) 1. The lieutenant was freed from all fear. 2. The 
Belgians knew that the soldiers could very easily come three 
miles in one hour. 93. The hope of neither of the two leaders 
was very great. 4. Caesar had enlisted two legions, and 
thought that the Germans could be conquered. 5. The 
centurion asserted that the auxiliary troops were not good 
soldiers. 

(D 1. Men are always very near to the gods. 2. The 
ships were detained for afew hours. 3. A private soldier of 
the first rank was very easily conquered. 4. They reckoned 
that a thousand men had been dismissed from the left wing of 
the army. 5. The messenger ran many miles as swiftly as 
possible and announced the danger to a centurion of the first 
rank. 


ORAL EXERCISE 
319. Answer these questions in Latin: 


1. Uter puer inagró erat? 2. Vicéruntne Gallos aestate ? 
3. Vietoriaene ünius légàti multae sunt? 4. Num milités à 
dextro corni pugnabunt? 5. Ubi Caesar castra ponet? 


LESSON XXXVIII 


THIRD CONJUGATION VERBS IN -/0 


Populus vult decipi.— The people like to be deceived.* 


390. A few verbs of the third conjugation end in -io. 
They have the forms of the fourth conjugation wherever 
the fourth has i followed by a vowel. 


(a) According to the above -rule conjugate capio in the indicative 


and infinitive, active and passive. 


321. 


ca'pio, -ere, cé/pi, cap/tus, tale, 
seize, capture. 

inci'pio, -ere, -cé'pi, -cep'tus,! 
begin, undertake. 

reci'pio, -ere, -cé’pi, -cep'/tus,! 
take back, receive, (with sé) 
retreat. 

fa'cio, -ere, fé/ci, fac/tus, make, 
do, (with iter) march. 


Compare § 590. 


VOCABULARY 


confi'cio, -ere, -fe'ci, -fec'tus,! 
do thoroughly, accomplish. 

interfi'/cio, -ere, -fé/ci, -fec'tus,! 
kill. 

ia'ciO, -ere, ié/cI, iac'tus, throw. 

rei'cio, -ere, -ié/ci, -iec'tus,! 
throw back, repulse. 

dé, prep. with abl. about, con- 
cerning, from. 


322. What Latin words do the followin’ sugsest? 


incipient reject 


reception factory 


EXERCISES 


323. Translate: 


(a) 1. Dux militibus tela capiebat. 
3. Copiae Caesaris celeriter sé 


viri in bello interfecti sunt. 


* Attributed to Cardinal Carafa. 


2. Multi et fortes 


1 Note the change in the present and participial stems when the simple verb 


is compounded. 


114 


VERBS IN -JO iS 


recipient. 4. Milites e superiore loc6 pilaiécérunt. 5. Dex- 
trum cornt exereitüs ad münitionem incrédibili celeritate iter 
facit. 

(b) 1. Régis frater et ünus 6 filiis capientur. 2. Con- 
firmabamus oppidum facile capi posse. — 3. Dé deis et deábus 
multa audivimus. 4. Diebus decem exercitus in urbem sé 
recepit. | 5. Romani intellexerunt Caesarem bellum incépisse 
et confectürum esse. 


324. Translate: 


(a) 1. The enemy marched all day. 2. We think that the 
forces will retreat late in the day. 3. The enemy will be 
repulsed in a few hours. 4. The Belgae had great hope con- 
cerning the battle but many were killed. 5. The general 
began the attack but was captured at daybreak. 

(b) 1. The Germans were greater than the Romans in size. 
2. Many very beautiful things had been made by hand. 
3. The citizens thought that the cavalry could not be freed 
from the danger. 4. The Romans surpassed the Gauls in 
courage. 5. The leader had said that the legions would 
conquer. 


ORAL EXERCISES 


325. Answer these questions in Latin: 

1. Quid manibus facere potes? 2. Quot discipuli in primo 
ordine sunt? 3. Puellaene lapidés beneiaciunt? 4. Nonne 
multi viri in proelio interfecti sunt? 5. Liberme amici 
amicis sunt ? 


LESSON XXXIX 


NUMERALS 
Post nubila Phoebus.—'' Every cloud has a silver lining." * 


326. The following list contains the numerals up to 
twenty :1 


CARDINALS ORDINALS 
1. ü'/nus, ü'na, ü/num rimus, first. 

e ? ? 
2. du'o, du'ae, du'o secun'dus, second. 
3. trés, tri'a ter'tius, third. 

) ? 
4. quat’tuor uár'tus 

q q 

5. quin'que quin'tus 
6. sex sex'tus 
T. sep'tem . sep'timus 
8. oc'to. octa’vus 
9. no'vem nó'nus 
10. de'cem de’cimus 
11. ün'deeim tinde’cimus 
12. duo’decim duode’cimus 
13. tre’decim ter'tius de'cimus 
14. quattuor’decim quar’tus de’cimus 
15. quin’decim quin'tus de’cimus - 
16. se'decim sex'tus de’cimus 
17. septen'decim sep'timus de’cimus 
18. duodévigin’ti duodévicé’simus 
19. ündeéevigin'ti ündevice'simus 


* Literally: After clouds, Phoebus (the sun-god). Compare Longfellow's 
** Be still, sad heart, and cease repining, 
Behind the clouds is the sun still shining." 
1 Compare $ 676. For a more complete list of numerals, see § 579. 
116 


NUMERALS TAE 


CARDINALS ORDINALS 
20. vigin'ti vice'simus 
21. vigin'ti ü'nus (anus et  vicé'simus pri'mus 
vigin'ti) 
30. trigin'tà : tricé’simus 


(a) The declension of ünus, duo, and trés has been given. The 
cardinals from quattuor to centum, one hundred, inclusive, are inde- 
clinable. The hundreds (except centum) are declined like the plural of 
magnus. The ordinals are declined like magnus. 


327. VOCABULARY 

ag/men,! -minis,n.,army (on the no/vus, -a, -um, new; no'vus 

march), line of march; no- ml'les, recruit. 

vissimum agmen,rear; pri-  sep'tem, num. adj, indecl., 

mum agmen, van. seven. ° 
cer'tus, -a, -um, certain; cer/-  cen'tum, num. adj., indecl., one 

tiorem (or certiores) fa'- hundred. 

cere, inform.? me'dius, -a, -um, middle ; media 
quar’tus, -a, -um, fourth. nocte, at midnight; medio, 
quin'tus, -a, -um, fifth. colle, halfway up the hill. 


328. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


November quarter medium novelty 


EXERCISES 
329. Translate: 


(a) 1. Media nocte Caesaris castra oppugnabantur. 
2. Quarta hora diei impetus in novissimum agmen facetus 
est. 3. Scivit nautàs dé altitüdine flüminis certiores factos 
esse. 4. Novi milites milia passuum septem iter facient. 
5. Caesar dé agmine certior facetus erat. 

(b) 1. Primum agmen sé nón recipiet sed impétum inci- 
piet. 2. De victoria nautàrum Caesarem certiorem fecerant. 
3. Quinto anno belli audiébamus urbem à decimà legione capi. 


lacies, army (in battle array); exercitus, army (a body of trained 
soldiers). 2 Usually followed by dé with the ablative. 


118 LATIN LESSONS 


4. Novissimum agmen in medio colle visum erat. 5. Tertia 
hora proeli multi et magni lapides dé miro à fortibus mili- 
tibus 1aciebantur. 


330. Translate: 


(a) 1. The recruits marched seven miles. 2. We have 
been informed about the death of the leader. 3. At sunset 
the rear will be at- 
tacked by the enemy. 
4. We know that the 
four legions will come 
home. 5. Late in the 
day we understood that 
‘the whole army had 


ing the death of the 
general. 

(bL Dre vean 
building a wall one 
hundred feet long 
and eight feet high. 
2. We heard that the 
lieutenant had lived 
six years in camp. 
3. We assert that the 
soldiers on the left 
wing fought as bravely 
as possible, but were killed. 4. The father was faithful to 
his children and informed (them) concerning the danger. 
5. At midnight we heard that the march had been accomplished 
very quickly. 


A Roman Altar. 


PHRASES FROM CAESAR 


331. Commit to memory with the translations : 
1. Iterfacere. 2. Sérecipere. 3. Medianocte. 4. Medio 
colle. 5. Certiorem facere. 


been informed concern- | 


24 
— 


LESSON XL 


PREPOSITIONS 


Pro aris et focis. — For home and fireside.* 


332. ‘The ablative is always used with 
à or ab, de, 
cum, ex or e, 
' gine, pro, prae. 


333. The accusative is used with about thirty preposi- 
tions; the most common are ad, ante, apud, circum, contra, 


inter, per, trans. 


334. Two prepositions, in and sub, govern both accusa- 
tive and ablative; with the accusative they denote motion 
toward a place, and with the ablative, rest 7m a place. 


939. VOCABULARY 


adulés/céns, -en'tis, m., youth, young man. 
adven'tus, -üs, m., arrival. 

iniü'ria, -ae, f., injury, wrong. 

iu/gum, -i, n., yoke. 

Sto, stà're, ste'/ti, sta'tus, stand. instead of. 
pro, prep. (with abl.), in front of, for, in defense of. 
si/ne, prep. (with abl.), without. in behalf of. 
(with acc. after verbs of motion), under. 


D: eee abl. to denote place), at the foot of, under. 


* Literally: For altars and hearths. 
119 


120 LATIN LESSONS 


336. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


adventure station injury adolescent 


EXERCISES 
337. Translate: 


(a) 1. Multi aduléscentés pro patria vivunt. 2. Animalia 
pulchra sub arbore saepissimé stetérunt. 3. Cohortés milia 
passuum tria Roma iter fécérunt. 4. Multo die legati ad 
Caesarem venerunt. 5. Adventü Caesaris primum agmen sub 
iugum missum erat. 

(b) 1. Caesar de adventü adulescentis certior faetus est. 
2. Castra hostium sine periculo capi non possunt. 3. Postero 
die Caesaris equites eum Helvétiis pugnaverunt et victi sunt. 
4. Equi equitum sub arboribus steterant. 5. Urbs diü et 
acriter oppugnata est sed capi non potuit. 


338. Translate: 


(a) 1. The enemy will kill a few of the youths. 2. At 
the arrival of the Belgians the leader stood in the van. 
3. Fathers always work for their sons and daughters. 4. The 
man at the foot of the mountain received a very severe injury. 
5. Some were sent under the yoke, others were taken as 
hostages. 

(b) 1. We think that the letters have been sent to Rome. 
2. The swift horseman had been informed of the danger by 
the voice of his leader. 3. In the summer the days are long 
and the nights very short. 4. Stones were hurled from the 
fortifieation by the bravest men. 5. We knew that the 
teacher would lead the children home. 


PHRASES FROM CAESAR 
339. Commit to memory with the translations : 


1. Sub monte. 2. Sub iugum. 3. Primum agmen. 4 
Novissimum agmen. 5. Novi milites. 


m" (——————sos»ccK 


LESSON XLI 


REVIEW 
Nemo me impune lacessit.— No one molests me unhurt.* 


340. Derivatives. — Write all the English words you 
can, which seem to be derived from the following: 


adventus 1ac16 capio medius 
sto iniüria mors ünus 
centum certus dico facio 
duo quartus incipi6 | novus 


341. Form Drill. — 1. Give the rules for the formation 
of active infinitives. Of passive infinitives. 2. Give the 
infinitives, active and passive, of dó, moveo, mitto, capio, 
venio. 3. Which infinitive of the third conjugation is 
peculiar in its form? 4. How are -io verbs of the third 
conjugation eonjugated? 5. How can you tell whether 
an -i6 verb is of the third or of the fourth conjugation ? 
6. Count to trigintà in Latin. 7. Decline ünus, duo, trés, 


deus, dea, alius. 


342. Word Drill. — 1. Distinguish between the meanings 
Of exercitus, agmen, and aciés. 2. Give the nominative, 
the genitive, and the gender of the Latin words for the 
following : 


death yoke youth arrival 
fortification injury width v length 
goddess god hope line of march 


* The motto of Scotland, referring to the thistle. 
121 


122 LATIN LESSONS 


343. Syntax Drill. — 1. Name two uses for the infinitive 
and illustrate each by a Latin sentence. 2. Name the 
prepositions that always govern the ablative case. 3. 
Name three prepositions that govern the accusative case. 
4. What two prepositions govern both accusative and 
ablative? 5. Illustrate by an English sentence the abla- 
tive of separation. 6. Illustrate by an English sentence 
the ablative of specification. 


344. Composition. — State in Latin ten facts that you 
have heard to-day. (Have the class translate each fact as 
stated.) 


EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING 


345. 1. Gladiis in hostes impetum incipiémus. 2. Serip- 
sisti pulchras res à liberis factàs esse. 3. Totam noctem 
exercitus iter fecit. 4. Existimávit duodecim annos bellum 
gestum esse. 5. Caesar novos milites in novissimo agmine 
posuit. 6. Mille viri R6m& missi erant. 7. Adventus 
Romànorum ab Helvetiis audiebatur. 8. Putàvimus milites 
media nocte in oppidum mitti. 9. Longaàs litteras comitibus 
seribunt. 10. Venerunt Romam diffieili via. 


TARPEIA 


346. Sabini cum Romanis bellum gerébant et agrós Roma- 
norum vastabant. Romam exercitum dücebant et urbem intrà- 
verunt sed Capitolium capere non poterant. Ubi ab Capitolio 
non longe aberant, puellam Tarpéiam, filiam ducis Romani, 
portantem (carrying) aquam extrà moenia viderunt. 

Dux Sabmorum putàvit puellam in Capitolium exercitum 
dücere posse, et dixit se (he) Tarpeiae praemium datürum esse. 
Puella dixit sé (she) habitüram esse res quas (which) in sinistris 
manibus gererent. 


REVIEW 125 


Sabini aureos ánulos et armillàs in sinistris manibus gerebant. 
Brevi tempore Sabini in Capitolio stant et Tarpéiae praemium 
dare parant. In puellam scüta iaciunt; nam seüta Sabinorum 
erant in sinistris manibus. Tarpéia interficitur; Sabini Capi- 
tolium oceupant. 


The Tarpeian Rock at Rome. 


LESSON XLII 


PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE 


Absit omen !— May there be no ill omen.* 


347. Present Subjunctive. — rst conjugation = present 
stem (with a changed to e) + personal endings: portem, 
passive, porter. 

(a) Learn the present subjunctive of porto, active and passive, and 


of sum and possum.! No translation is given for the subjunctive in the 
paradigms, as the meaning of a subjunctive varies with its use. 


348. Volitive in Independent Sentences. — The subjunc- 
tive may be used in independent sentences to express 
something as welled. It is then called the volitive sub- 
junctive and derives its name from volo, 7 will. The 
negative used with it is ne. There are many varieties of 
it. For example, it is used in exhortations or commands 
in the first and third persons. 


Let us be good. Boni simus. 
Let them not fight. Né pugnent. 


EXERCISES 
349. Translate: 
(a) 1. Ne in palüde stémus. 2. Caesar dux? sit totam 
vitam. 9. Ne vulnerémur. 4. Quam fortissimi simus. 


5. Summum montem occupémus. 


(b) 1. Mater dé perieulo liberorum certior facta erat. 
2. AudivistI magnum oppidum muro et fossa celeriter müni- 


* Literally: May the omen be absent ! Justas wesay: Knocking on wood! 
1See $ 586 and § 591. 2? See § 28. ] 


124 


PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE 125 


tum esse. 3. Scimus domum domini pulcherrimam fuisse. 
4. Sinistrum cornü quam dextrum minus facile vincétur. 
5. Quinque de militibus sub iugum missi erant et interfecti 
sunt. 


Augustus Caesar. 


126 | LATIN LESSONS 


350. Translate : 


(a) 1. Let us build very large ships. 2. Let part of the 
youths stand halfway up the hill without fear. 3. Let us be 
faithful to our friends. 4. Let us fight long and well for 
our king and our country. 5. Let the weary youths be 
praised for their great bravery. | 

(b) 1. We think the hostage ought to be given:to the con- 
queror. 2. A mountain is many feet higher than a hill. 
3. At the arrival of the recruits the weary soldiers are freed 
from danger. 4. We knew that Caesar’s forces would cap- 
ture the bands of the enemy. 5. Under a large tree halfway 
up the hill part of the soldiers could be seen. 


ORAL EXERCISE 


351. Answer these questions in Latin: 


1. Estne superior pars müri nigra? 2. Suntne sex pueri 
in secundo ordine? 9. Estne paix cárior hominibus quam 
bellum ? 4. Nàrràbisne magistro fabulam dé Caesare ? 
5. Laboràbisne pro matre et patre ? 


LESSON XLIII 


PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE 
Crescat scientia.— May knowledge increase !* 


352. The present subjunctive of the second and fourth 
conjugations = present stem +a + personal endings, mone- 
a m, audi a m. 

The present subjunctive of the third conjugation — present 
stem (with e changed to a) + personal endings, düca m. 

(a) Learn the present subjunctive, active, and passive of moneo, 
düco, audio, and capio, $$ 587, 588, 589, 590. 


353. Subjunctive of Purpose. — [n English, purpose is 
often expressed by the infinitive, We fight to conquer. But 
in Latin prose purpose is expressed not by the infinitive 
but by the subjunctive. It is introduced by ut, that, in 
order that, if the purpose is positive, by né, that not, lest, 
if it is negative. 

We fight to overcome. Pugnamus ut superémus. 

We fight that we may not be overcome. Pugnamus né superémur. 


354. VOCABULARY 
le/g6, -ere, lé'gl, léc/tus, read, ut, conj. that. 
choose. né, conj., that not, lest. 
dé'ligo, -ere, -légi, -léc'tus, per, prep. (with acc.), through. 
choose from, gather, select. rég/num, -1, n., royal power, king- 
prohi/beo, -é/re, -ui, -itus, keep dom. 
off, hinder. cré’/ber, -bra, -brum, frequent. 


* The motto of Chicago University. 
1 Compare with lego. 
127 


128 LATIN LESSONS 


355. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


interregnum prohibit itinerary submarine 


EXERCISES 
356. Translate: 


(a) 1. Pugnàmus fortiter ut à duce laudémur. 2. Nün- 
tios mittit ut itinere Helvétios prohibeant. 93. Milites celer- 
rime eurrunt né hostés novissimum agmen videant. 4. Vir 


The Roman Forum To-day. 
Compare this with the picture facing page 106. 


mittetur ut régnum in civitate occupet. 5. Veniémus celeri- 
ter, ut de perieulo adulescentem certiorem faciàmus. 

(b) 1. Cohortes Romànae pugnant né in vià vincantur. 
2. Civitatibus quam plürimis Caesarem amicum esse dixit. 
9. Caesar memoria tenet obsides multos receptos esse. 


PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE 129 


4, Dicit imperátorem posse iter nilli! per provinciam dare. 
5. Crébri nüntii dé adventü copiarum ad. Caesarem missi 
erant. 


357. Translate: 


(a) 1. We come to make peace. 2. Let us march through 
the territory of the Gauls. 3. The enemy comes to seize the 
royal power at Rome. 4. Let us send back the soldiers to 
pitch camp lateintheday. 95. The children read many books 
that they may understand all things about Rome and the 
Roman people. 

(b) 1. Caesar said that the Roman: people would make peace 
with the Gauls. 2. A man is selected to warn the captive. 
3. We shall seize the top of the mountain very easily. 4. All 
think that Marcus wil kill the young man. . 5. Let the 
faithful father advise his son more often. 


ORAL EXERCISES 
398. Answer these questions in Latin: 


. 1. Dixistine puerum cum diligentia laboràvisse? 2. Seri- 
bitisne libenter litteràs ? 9. Quid dicis? 4. Venisne 
ut mátrem videàs? 5. Nonne Caesar cum Gallis saepe 
pugnavit ? 


1 See § 56. 


LESSON XLIV 


SEQUENCE OF TENSES 
|. Caveat emptor. — Let the buyer beware.* 


359. Imperfect Subjunctive Active of All Conjugations = 
present stem+re+ personal endings; or present infinitive + 
personal endings. 

Perfect Subjunctive Active of All Conjugations = perfect 
stem + eri + personal endings. 

Pluperfect Subjunctive Active of All Conjugations = 
perfect stem + isse + personal endings; or perfect infini- 
tive + personal endings. 


360. According to above rules conjugate the imperfect, 
perfect, and pluperfect subjunctive active of porto, moneo, 
dücó, audio, capio, also sum and possum. Conjugate all 
but sum and possum in the passive, following the same 
general plan as that used in the passive indicative. Com-. 
pare §§ 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 591. 


361. VOCABULARY 


impe'rium, impe’ri, n., command, control, military authority. 

senà'tor, -O'ris, m., senator. 

persuá'deo, -é/re, persuá'si, persua/sus, persuade, governs the da- 
tive followed by ut or né with the subjunctive. 

ne'go, -à're, -à'vi, -a/tus, deny, say not. 

im/peró, -à're, -à'vi, -a'tus, order, levy. It governs the dative, and 
is followed by ut or né with the subjunctive. 


* Wesay: Buyer's risk. 
_180 


SEQUENCE OF TENSES 131 


362. What Latin words do the following suggest? 
imperative legible negative senatorial 


RULES 


363. Classes of Tenses. — Tenses are divided into two 
classes, principal and historical. 


INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE 
Present 
Principal 
r Er. | Future Present va 
| Future perfect Perfect «^ 
Imperfect 
Historical pe 
TOASUR Perfect Imperfect 
Pluperfeet Pluperfect 


364. Sequence of Tenses.! — Generally speaking, prin- 
cipal tenses in the indicative are followed by principal 
tenses in the subjunctive, and historical tenses by historical 
tenses. 

The present and imperfect subjunctive are used to denote 
action incomplete at the time of the main verb, and the 
perfect and pluperfect subjunctive denote action complete 
at the time of the main verb. 


EXERCISES ON SUBJUNCTIVES 


. 965. 1. Venimus ut videàmus. 2. Persuddent viris ut 
pugnent, capiant, moneant. 3. Persuàdébat senatdri né pug- 
nàret, caperet, moneret. 4. Militem mittet ut currat, videat, 
laudet. 5. Légàtos misit ut monérent, persuádérent, vincerent. 

366. 1. We come to attack, to conquer. 2. We came to 
attack, to conquer. 3. We persuaded the soldiers not to give, 
attack, kill. 4. The man is sent to hear, know, fight. 5. Cae- 
sar persuades the lieutenant to think, to say, to know. 


1 Notice that the first part of this rule shows whether to use a principal or 
historical tense; the second part shows which one of the principal or his- 
torical tenses to use. 


oe LATIN LESSONS 


EXERCISES 


367. Translate: explain the mood and tense of each 
subjunctive and infinitive : 

(a) 1. Trés senatorés délécti erant. 2. Veniam ut dé 
bell6 amicum certiorem faciam. 3. Ne féminàs et liberos 
interficiamus. 4. Fortissimé pugnavérunt ut à duce lauda- 
rentur. 5. Imperator legáto persuásit ut in citeriore Gallia 
novos milites conscriberet. 

(b) 1. Multas rés dé imperio Rómànorum]legit. 2. Legato 
imperáverámus ut via hostés prohiberet. 3. Negavérunt 
equités quam pedites fortius pugnavisse. 4. Dicit Germànos 
bellum cum Gallis plürimós annos gestüros esse. 5. Scivimus 
puerum decem annis! maiorem nàtü esse quam puellam. 


368. Translate: 


(a) 1. Five legions were levied in hither Gaul. 2. Let us 
not kill the consul. 3. We ordered the senators to send 
hostages and make peace. 4. We shall send the boy home 
to read the book. 5. We send the lieutenant to persuade the 
soldiers not to leave the camp. 

(b) 1. We have been informed that the soldiers were able 
to withstand all the attacks of the Germans. 2. The mes- 
senger informed Caesar of the victory. 3. The leader denied 
that the rear was being conquered. 4. Let us fight long and 
fiercely to conquer the enemies of Rome. 5. The Helvetians 
said that their fields had been laid waste. 


ORAL EXERCISE 
369. Answer these questions in Latin: 


1. Cür venerat? 2. Quam diü legisti? 3. Quis disci- 
pulis persuásit ut legerent? | 4. Ctr nüntium misisti ? 
5. Mittébarisne ut pugnarés ? 


1 See § 247. 


LESSON XLV 


DEPONENT VERBS 


Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori.—Sweet and seemly it is to 
die for one’s country. 


370. A deponent! verb has passive forms with active 
meanings. ‘These verbs are found in each of the four 
regular conjugations and are distinguished by the ending 
of the present infinitive: -ari, -&ri, -i, -iri. 

(a) A deponent verb has a few active forms; the future infinitive, 


present and future participles, gerund, and supines. The gerundive 
always has passive meanings; the perfect passive participle, sometimes. 


371. VOCABULARY 
co/nor, -a’ri, -à'tus sum, (with X potior, -i'ri, -i/tus sum, get pos- 
infin.) try, attempt. session of. 
fru'or,fru'L früc/'tus sum, enjoy.  profici'scor, profici/sci, pro- 
mo’/ror,? -à'ri, -à'tus sum, delay. fec'tus sum, set out. 
pa'tior, pa’ti, pas'sus sum,  se'quor, se/qui, secü/tus sum, 
(with infin.) suffer, permit, follow. 
allow. ü'tor, ü'ti, ü/sus sum, use. 
polli'ceor, -é/ri,-itus sum, (with ^ ve'reor, -é/ri, -itus sum, fear, be 
fut. infin.) promise. afraid. 


379. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


patient sequel use revere 


EXERCISES ON FORMS 
373. Translate: 
1. Verébimur, potiémur, ütimini, ütàmur, pollicéberis. 
2. Sequeris, sequéris, veretur, conétur, potiétur. 3. Patie- 


1 Deponent verbs are so named because they Jay aside the active forms. 
2 Do not confuse this with morior, mori, mortuus sum, fo die. 


133 


134" LATIN LESSONS 


bar, moratus est, potiri, sequi, proficiscamur. 4. Proficiscar, 
proficiscétur, ttitur, ati, frui. 5. Frictus sum, veritus 
eram, patiébatur, morer. 


374. Translate: 


1. To fear, he will have set out, I shall use, let us promise. 
2. He was getting possession of, they will follow, I use. 
3. We shall follow, they had enjoyed, you were trying. 4. To 
follow, let us set out, he will follow, I shall permit. 5. They 
will use, to delay, let them allow, we had read. 


RULE 


375. Deponents with the Ablative. — The verbs itor, 
fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, and their compounds, regularly 
govern the ablative case. 


We enjoy good books. Bonis libris fruimur., 
The soldier uses a sword. Miles gladio ütitur. 


EXERCISES 

376. Translate: 

(a) 1. Conábimur eastris potiri. — 2. Gladiis optimé üteris. 
3. Multi viri frümento vivunt. 4. Imperator pollicitus est 
pedites victoria früctüros esse. 5. Putant tres viros totius 
Galliae imperio potiri posse. 

(b) 1. Proficiscentur ut senatores videant. 2. Equites milia 
passuum multa hostes secüti sunt. 3. Senátores impetüs 
hostium vereantur 4. Ne morémur in urbe totam noctem. 
5. Pater adulescenti imperavit ut liberos libros bonos legere 
pateretur. 


377. Translate: 


(a) 1. All had set out at daybreak. 2. We shall follow 
the enemy many miles. 3. The Romans used very many 


E -——— J— 


DEPONENT VERBS tod 


recruits. 4. We tried to keep the enemy from the march. 
5. Many women enjoy beautiful pictures. 

(b) 1. Caesar got possession of the larger part of the enemy’s 
horses. 2. We promised that the ambassador would be at 
Rome late in the day. 3. Let us delay at Rome as long as 


The Arch of Constantine at Rome. 


possible. 4. The senator persuaded the general to allow the 
army to follow the enemy. 5. Let the commander-in-chief 
get possession of the royal power of all Gaul. 


ORAL EXERCISE 
378. Answer these questions in Latin: 
1. Cur tél6 itébaris? 2. Quidveréberis? 3. Quam dit 
morati sunt? 4. Car profieiseemur? 5. Pollicébaturne 
legátum ducem secütürum esse ? 


LESSON XLVI 


SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT 
Verbum sat sapienti.— A word to the wise is sufficient.* 


379. Result is expressed by the subjunctive introduced 
by ut. Negative result is introduced by ut nón. The 
main clause often contains tantus, so great, sic, ita, tam, 80, 
or some word of similar meaning. The rule for sequence 
of tenses, § 364, must be followed. 


The boy was so good that he was loved. Puer tam bonus erat ut 
amarétur. 

Caesar’s courage was such that he could not be conquered. Virtus 
Caesaris tanta erat ut vinci nón posset. 


380. VOCABULARY 
Brü'tus, -1, m., Brutus. pau'lo, adv., (used as a degree of 
cüs'tos, -o'dis, m., guard, watch, diff.) by a little, a little. 
keeper. pau'lum, adv., a little, somewhat. 
impedimen/'tum, -i, n.  hin-  tan'tus, -a, -um, so great, such. 
drance ; pl., heavy baggage. ita, adv., so (manner). 
suspi/cid, -O'nis, f., suspicion. tam, adv., so (degree). 
fu'gio, -ere, fü'gi, , flee. plü'rimum posse, to be most 
an'te, prep., (with acc.) before. powerful, to have great influ- 
an'te, adv., before, ago. ence, 


381. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


custodian fugitive impediment suspicious 


* This is often abbreviated: verb. sat and verb. sap. 
196 


SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT 101 


RULES 


382. Adverbial Accusative. — T'he accusative is often 
used adverbially to express degree or extent. 


He is very powerful. Plürimum potest. 
The teacher praised the girl much. Magister puellam multum 
laudavit. 


383. Adverbial Ablative. — The ablative is often used 
adverbially, usually to express degree of difference.! 


A little before. Pauló ante. 
He is much braver. Mult6 fortior est. 


EXERCISES 


384. Translate; give the reason for the mood and tense 
of each verb: 


(a) 1. Paulo ante domi eram. 2. Reges plürimum pote- 
rant. 3. Ante solis occásum paulum legáàmus. 4. Nihiltam 
malum est ut peius esse non possit. 5. Télis ita üsi sunt ut 
ünum ex hostibus interficerent. 

(6) 1. Bene pugnàre cóonàtur ut à duce bono laudétur. 
2. Susplelone servum liberavimus ut vitafruerétur. 3. Brüto 
nüntiàre cOnémur impedimenta hostium capta esse. 4. Tan- 
tus timor mortis omnés cüstoódes occupavit ut télis nón üteren- 
tur. 5. Légati ita verébantur ut exercitum relinquerent et 
fugerent. 


385. Translate: 


(a) 1. The bravest are the most powerful. 2. Did you 
know that the enemy had fled a little while ago? 3. The 
bravery of the Romans was so great that they could not be 
conquered. 4. The boy read so that no one could understand 
(him). 5. The guard saw such danger that he did not allow 
the women to leave the town. 


1 Compare $ 247. 


188 LATIN LESSONS 


(b) 1. The soldiers fought so bravely that they easily con- 
quered the forces of the Helvetians. 2. They denied that 
the right wing of the army had fled from the top of the hill. 
3. The citizens tried to flee from the fire. 4. They used the 


The Forum at Pompeii. 


With Vesuvius in the distance. 


swords so well that they killed many of the enemy. 5. The 
leader promised that the cohorts would not delay, but would 
take possession of the enemy's heavy baggage. 


ORAL EXERCISE 


386. Answer these questions in Latin: 


1. Estne puer tam bonus ut ab omnibus amétur? 2. Num 
Caesar impedimentis potiébatur? 3. Nonne Caesar apud 
(among) Romanos plürimum potuit? 4. Fugiebatne Roma 
suspicione? 5. Quam longé exercitum sequeris ? 


eee a ae 


LESSON XLVII 


REVIEW 


Non est vivere sed valere vita.— Not merely to exist, but to amount to 
somethings is life.* 


387. Derivatives. — Write all the English words you 
can that seem to be derived from the following : 


persuadeo prohibeo régnum imperium 
senator lego nego patior 
potior sequor ütor cüstós 
suspicio | fugio deligo tantus 


388. Form Drill. — 1. Give the formula for making each 
subjunctive tense, active and passive, in each of the four 
regular conjugations. 2. Name the principal tenses in 
the indicative and in the subjunctive. | 3. Name the his- 
torical tenses in the indicative and in the subjunctive. 
4. Imperator tam celeriter venit ut hostes impedimentis 
potiri non possint. Change venit to venit and complete 
the sentence. 5. Conjugate possum and capio through 
the subjunctive. 


389. Syntax Drill. — 1. Define the volitive subjunctive. 
Give two examples in Latin. 2. Give the rule for the 
sequence of tenses. 8. How do we express purpose? 
result? 4. How is negative purpose introduced? nega- 
tive result? 5. Complete this English sentence to ex- 


* Martial. 
139 


140 LATIN: LESSONS 


press a purpose: He used weapons. When the sentence 
is written in Latin, with what word will the clause be 
introduced? What tense must be used and why? 
6. What case and mode follow impero? 7. Define a 
deponent verb. 8. What verbs govern the ablative 
2ase? ; 


EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING 


390. 1. Res ptblica ab omnibus bonis civibus laudétur. 
2. Manibus puer parvus multàs et pulchras res fecit. 3. Ter- 
tiae legioni imperant, né novissimum agmen hostium oppugnet. 
4. Seimus Germànos Gallos viribus superavisse. 5. Helvetii 
milia passuum centum iter fecerunt. 6. Milites multos dies 
circum oppidum morabuntur. 7. Postero die eópiae urbem 
reliquérunt et ad oppidum venerunt. 8. Liber tam gravis 
erat ut à puero parvo portári non posset. 9. Alii homines 
erant tam mali ut à nüllo amarentur. 10. Sequàmur adules- 
centem ad mare. 


NASICA ET ENNIUS 


391. Nàsiea Enni poétae amicus erat. Ndasica ad Ennium 
venit et à porta eum quaesivit. Serva dixit, * Ennius domi 
non est.” Ennius domi erat et Nasica id (it) sciebat, nihil ta- 
men dixit, sed domum revertit. 

Paucis post diébus ad Nasicam venit Ennius. [uie (to him) 
ipse Nasica dixit, “Non sum domi" Tum Ennius dixit, 
* Nonne cognosco vocem tuam ?" — Nàsiea respondit, “ Homo 
es impudens; ego servae tuae crédidi: ti nón crédis mihi.” 


LESSON XLVIII 
RELATIVE PRONOUN 


Qui non proficit, deficit. — Who does not advance, falls behind. 


392. ‘The relative pronoun! is declined as follows: 


qui, who, which, that 


SINGULAR PLURAL 
Mas. FEM. NEUT. Mas. FEM. NEUT. 
Nom. qui quae quod qui quae quae 
Gen. cu'ius cuius  culius quó'rum qua'rum  quó/rum 
Dai. oui cui cui qui'bus qui'bus qui'bus 
Ace. quem quam quod quós quas quae 
Abl. quo qua quo qui'bus qui'bus qui’bus 
393. VOCABULARY 
fu'ga, -ae, f., flight. in'colo, -ere, -ui (intrans.),? live, 
profec'tio, -6/nis, f., departure. dwell; (traus.) inhabit. 
tü/tus, -a, -um, safe. po'pulor, -à/ri, -à'tus sum, lay | 
qui, quae, quod, relative pro- waste, devastate. 
noun, who, which, that. vi'deor, -6/ri, vi/sus sum, seem, 
ibi, adv., there. appear. j 


394. What Latin words do the followin’ suggest? 
depopulate suspicion scribe transpose 


RULE 


395. Agreement of the Relative. — A relative pronoun 
agrees with its antecedent in gender, number, and person, 
but its case is determined by its use in its own clause. 


I saw the man who came. Virum qui vénit vidi. 
The city which you see is Rome. Urbs quam vidés Roma est. 


1 See §§ 659 and 661. 2 See §§ 680 and 681. 
141 


DIS LATIN LESSONS 


(a) Notice that qui in the first example is masculine gender, singular 
number, third person, like its antecedent virum, but it is nominative 
case because it is the subject of the verb venit. In the second example 
the pronoun quam is feminine gender, singular number, third person, to 
agree with its antecedent urbs, but accusative because it is the object of 
the verb vidés. 


EXERCISES 


396. Translate; Give the reason for the gender, mwm- 
ber, and case of each relative pronoun: 

(d) 1. Locaad quae properavimus tüta erant. 2. Viderunt 
cüstódem cuius amicus ex urbe missus erat. 95. Cüstos cui 
periculum nüntiàtum erat vereri visus est. 4. Pater viri dé 
quó dixit multos annos homae incoluit. 5. Profectio fugae 
simillima vidétur. 

(D) 1. Ad amicum litterás, quàs scripsi, misi 2. Ad 
flimen quod est in extrémis hostium finibus properavit atque 
ibi eastra posuit. 3. Milites missi sunt qui! fines Gallorum 
popularentur. 4. Milites à quibus castra münita sunt ad 
urbem venient. 5. Caesar per nüntios certior factus est tres 
partes copiarum trans flümen fuisse, quartam partem in castris 
relictam esse. 


397. Translate: 


(a) 1. I heard that Caesar had come, had seen, had con- 
quered. | 2. We saw the men by whom the heavy baggage 
had been captured. 3. The boy whom I see is much better 
than his sister. 4. I saw the slave to whom the master had 
given very many gifts.. 5. The city was not safe on account 
of the flight of the army. 

(b) 1. Let us delay the departure of the enemy many days. 
2. The Romans so laid waste the territory of their enemies 
that nothing was left. 38. They tried to make peace with 
Caesar in order that their fields might not be destroyed and 


1 Qui is often equivalent to ut and a personal pronoun. 


RELATIVE PRONOUNS 143 


their children killed. 4. They say that brave men are often 
very powerful and have gained possession of many large cities. 
5. I heard the things about which Caesar had been informed 
by his lieutenant. 


ORAL EXERCISE 

398. Answer these questions tn Latin: 

1. Fuitne Caesaris profectio similis fugae? 2. Esne puer 
quem Romae vidi? 3. Ubi legiones Romanae erant? 
4. Quibus fabulam narravisti? 5. Vidistine impedimenta 
quibus imperator potitus est? 


The Ruins of Trajan's Villa near Rome. 


LESSON XLIX 


INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 


Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?— Who shall watch the watchmen 
themselves ?* 


399. ‘The interrogative pronouns! are the substantive, 
quis, who ? and the adjective qui, what ? 


Quis, who? 


SINGULAR PLURAL 

M. AND F. NEUT. MAS. Fem. NEvt. 
Nom. quis quid qui quae quae 
Gen. cu/ius cu'ius quó'rum quà/'rum quó'rum 
Dat. cui ' cui qui'bus  Qqui'bus qui/bus 
Acc. quem quid quos quas quae 
A bl. quo quo qui/bus  qui'bus  qui'bus 


(a) The interrogative adjective qui is declined like the relative pro- 
noun qui, $ 392. 


400. VOCABULARY 
quis, quid, interrogative pro- dic, (imperative) tell. 
noun, who, what ? quamobrem, adv., why. 
qui, quae, quod, interrogative et... et, both... and. 
adjective, what ? quae'ro, -ere, quaesi’ vi, quaesi - 
Rho'danus, -i, m., Rhone. tus, ask, seek. It takes the 
num,  interrogative particle, aec. of the thing and the 
whether, when used in indirect abl. of the person with 6, ex, 
questions. a, ab, or dé. 


401. What Latin words do the followinó suggest? 


question dictate benediction intervene 


* Juvenal. 1 Compare § 662. 
144 


INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS 145 


RULE 


402. Indirect Questions. — An indirect question follows 
a verb of knowing, asking, and the like, and is a subordi- 
nate clause introduced by an interrogative word.! It is 
expressed by the subjunctive. 


DIRECT QUESTION INDIRECT QUESTION 
Where were they? He heard where they were. 
Ubi erant ? Audivit ubi essent. 
Where are you? He knows where you are. 
Ubi es ? Scit ubi sis. 

EXERCISES 


403. Translate :? 


(a) 1. Seio quis veniat, quis venerit. 2. Scivit quis veni 
ret, quis venisset. 3. Quaesivit cui liber datus esset. 
.4. Die Caesari cir paulo fortius non pugnàveris. 65. Audivi 
quot homines Galliam incolerent. 

(b) 1. Quid fecerat? 2. Quaesivit à Gallis quamobrem 
Romam venissent. 3. Qui milites tam bene pugnàbunt ut 
hostium fines populentur? 4. Quaerébat num Galli trans 
Rhodanum ineolerent. 5. Multo dié Caesari per exploratorés 
nüntiàtum est et montem à militibus Rómaànis tenéri et Helvé- 
tios castra movisse. 


404. Translate: 


(a) 1. We do not know who inhabited the cities of Gaul. 
2. My friends asked why I had not remained there. 3. We 
asked Caesar how many men had been killed. 4. Do you 
know by whom the Gauls were conquered? 6. Did you know 
that the enemy had fled a little while ago ? 

(b) 1. Let us ask about the children who? are delaying in 


1 Compare $$ 662 and 705. 

2 Review the subjunctive forms of each conjugation. 

8 The student must decide whether who and whom are relative or interrog. 
ative pronouns, for on this fact depends the mood of the following verb. 


146 LATIN LESSONS 


the city but who ought to set out toward home. 2. So great 
was the fear of the soldiers that they fled and left the heavy 
baggage. 3. Tell your father why you were a little afraid 
(feared a little). 4. The lieutenants ordered (their) infantry 


A Roman Sword. 


to use (their) swords as quickly as possible. 5. Before the 
departure of the guards the young men seemed to be safe. 


ORAL EXERCISE 


405. Answer these questions in Latin: 

1. Quis scivit cir vietus esses? 2. Quibus telis milites 
ütentur? 38. Quem Romae vidisti? 4. Scisne quo in locó 
sis ? 


A Roman Sword in its Sheath. 


LESSON IL 


PERSONAL PRONOUNS 
Veritas vos liberabit.— The truth shall make you free.* 
406. The personal pronouns! are ego for the first person 


and ta for the second. ‘The personal pronoun of the third 
person is supplied by the demonstrative is. 


FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON 
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL 
Nom. e'go, I. nods, we. tii, you. vos, you. 
! ! 
- nostrum = ves'trum 
Gen. me'i | 3 tu/i E 
| no'stri ves'/tri 
Dat. mi'hi nó'/bis ti/bi vO'/bis 
Acc. mé nos te vos 
Abl. mé nó'/bis te vo'bis 


407. The reflexive pronouns? refer to the subject of the 
sentenee or of the clause in which they stand. They are 
declined like the personal pronoun of the same person 
except that they have no nominative; mei, of myself, tui, 
of yourself, and so on. 


Reflexive of the Third Person 


SINGULAR PLURAL 
Gen. sui su/1 
Dat. si'bi si'bi 
Acc. sé or se'sé sé or sé/sé 
Abl. sé or se'se sé or sé/sé 


(a) The reflexive of the third person serves for all genders and for 
both numbers. Thus, sui may mean of himself, of herself, of itself, of 
themselves. 


* St. Jerome’s Bible. Motto of the Johns Hopkins University. 
1 Compare § 660. 2 Compare § 665. 
147 


148 LATIN LESSONS 


408. VOCABULARY 
e/go, me/1, J. dé'dó, -ere, dé/didi, dé/ditus, 
tii, tu/1, you. (trans.) give up, surrender, 
me'i, of myself. abandon. 
tui, of yourself. . respon'deO, -é/re, respon'di, 
su'T, of himself, etc. respón'sus, answer, reply. 
dédi'tio, -o'nis, f., surrender. neque, neither, and not. 


409. What Latin words do the following’ suggest? 


egotism me. respond vision . 


EXERCISE ON FORMS 


410. Translate, distinguishing between the personal 
and the reflexive pronouns: 


1. Tü mé vides. 2. Ego mé video. 3. Nos vos laudamus. 
4. Puella se vicit. 5. Vos nobis libros dedistis. 


411. Translate: 


1. We saw you. 2. You praised us. 3. We came with 
you. 4. You told the story to me. 5. The boys praised 
themselves. 


EXERCISES 


419. Translate; tell to which class each of the pro- 
nouns belongs: 


(a) 1. Puellae inter sé laudant. 2. Vobis maiora dona 
pollicébimur. 3. Tüne mihi fabulam nàrravisti? 4. Mater 
té semper laudat sed se semper eulpat. 5. Quaesivérunt à mé 
quis essem et quo ex loeó venissem. 

(b) 1. Légatis respondit sé pàcem factürum esse. 2. Ante 
primam lücem hostes se dedidérunt. 3. Respondés te duci 
persuásürum esse ut paulum moretur. 4. Ego! et ti quae- 


1 Notice the order of personal pronouns in Latin: first, second, third. The 
personal pronoun as subject is expressed only when there is emphasis or 
contrast. 


E 


PERSONAL PRONOUNS 149 


remus quamobrem deditionem fécerint. 5. Caesarem certi- 
orem faciunt agros ab Helvetiis vástátos esse neque sé ab 
oppidis vim hostium prohibére posse. 


413. Translate, expressinó all the pronouns: 


(a) 1. The general responds that he will not surrender. 
2. In what city did we see you a little while ago? 3. I know 
who you are, and you know who I am. 4. You have been 
good children, and I shall give you a beautiful gift. 5. We 
feared! that you had not told us all things about yourself. 

(b) 1. Let us not fear the enemy and make a surrender. 
2. The city extends three miles in length. 3. We boys are 
a little younger than you girls. 4. The lieutenant promised 
that he would get possession of the camp of the enemy. 
5. The senator of whose surrender we had heard responded a 
little. 


ORAL EXERCISES 
414. Answer these questions tn Latin: 


1. Cir ti mé melior es? 2. Tine té saepe laudàs? 
3. Quis vóbis dona dedit? 4. Qui discipuli à magistro lau- 
dati sunt? 5. Dedamne me? 


1 After verbs of fearing ut is translated that not; and ne, that. 


LESSON LI 


POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 
In lumine tuo videbimus lumen. —In thy light we shall see light.* 


415. The so-called possessive pronouns are merely the 
adjective forms of the personal and reflexive pronouns. 


me/us, -a, -um,! my, mine. 

no'ster, -tra, -trum, our, ours. 

tu'us, -a, -um, your, yours (belonging to one person). 

ve'ster, -tra, -trum, your, yours (belonging to more than one). 
su/us, -a, -um, his, her, hers, its, their, theirs. 


(a) The possessive pronouns are all declined like adjectives of the 
first and second declensions, and, like adjectives, they agree with their 
nouns in gender, number, and case. 


416. VOCABULARY 
me/us, -a, -um, my, mine. praepo/nG, -ere, -po'sui, -itus, 
no'ster, -tra, -trum, our, ours. place in command of. 
tu/us, -a, -um, your, yours. prae'sto, -à'/re, -stiti, -stitus, ez- 
ve'ster, -tra, -trum, your, yours. cel, surpass. 
su'us, -a, -um, his, her, their. prae/sum, -esse, -ful, have com- 
praefi/cio, -ere, -fé/ci, -fec'tus, mand of, be at the head of. 
place over, or in command . su'persum, -esse, -ful, be left over, 
of. survive. 


417. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


preposition applaud benefactor riparian 


* The motto of Columbia University. 
1 Voc. sing. masc. mi. 


150 


-—-——— Q"———— 


POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS T51 


RULES 


* 

418. Gender of Possessives. — The gender of a posses- 
sive pronoun depends not upon the gender of the person 
to whom it refers, but upon the gender of the noun 
possessed. 

Marcus loves his mother. Marcus mátrem suam amat. 


Julia loves her mother. Talia matrem suam amat. 
Julia loves her father. Iülia patrem suum amat. 


419. Dative with Compounds. — The dative is used with 
many verbs compounded with the prepositions ad, ante, 
con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super, and sometimes 
circum. 

But if the verb which forms part of the compound is 
transitive, it may take a direct object in the accusative. 
This may be either in addition to the dative taken by the 
compound as a whole, or without it. 

Brutus was in command of the ships. Brütus navibus praeerat. 

He placed Brutus in command of the ships. Brütum nàvibus 


praeposuit. 
Brutus sent the ships ahead. Britus nàvés praemisit. 


EXERCISES 

420. Translate: 

(a) 1. Caesar exercitui praefuit. 2. Rómàni omnibus vir- 
tüte praestiterunt. 3. Nàvibus longis Brütum praefecit. 
4. Laudàbimini, pueri, et à matre vestra et à magistro vestro. 
5. Dei comités nostri semper sunt et rébus hominum praesunt. 

(b) 1. Imperator castris quae ad ripam flüminis posita erant 
Marcum praeposuit. 2. Dixerunt pedites suos paulum mora- 
tos esse. 3. Nostri? oppidum fortius oppugnaverant quam 


l'The vocative, the case of address, has the same form as the nominative 
except in the singular of nouns of the second declension ending in -us, where 
the vocative ends in -e. 

2 The possessive is often used substantively; as, nostri, our men. 


TDA LATIN LESSONS 


vestri. 4. Centum ex equitibus superfuérunt neque sé dédi- 
derunt. 5. Dicebant se bene fécisse neque vos suds agros 
vastare debere. 


491. Translate: 


(a) 1. I am in command of myself. 2. The girl excels 
her brother in courage. 3. Who made the war-ships ? 
4. The general responded that he had placed a youth in com- 
mand of the forces. 5. 'The mother asked her brave son why 
he did not use his sword. 

(b) 1. We asked why they had not sent aid tous. 2. Our 
faithful lieutenant had been placed in charge of the heavy bag- 
gage. 3. We have informed Caesar that our army will make 
an attack on the enemy at daybreak. 4. Why did our sena- 
tor not tell us about the surrender a little whileago? 5. My 
sister and your brother are friends of the man who has command 
of the infantry. 


ORAL EXERCISE 

422. Answer these questions in Latin: 

1. Quis legioni praeerat? 2. Tine exercitui Brütum prae- 
pones? 3. Qui discipulus aliis praestitit? 4. Suntne tui 
amici meis meliores? 5. Nonne nostri vobis virtüte prae- 
stant ? 


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LESSON LII 


FERO AND ITS COMPOUNDS 


Qui transtulit sustinet.— He who has brought us across (the sea) sus- 
tains us.* 


423. Learn the conjugation of fero in the indicative, sub- 
junctive, and infinitive, active and passive, § 593. 


424. VOCABULARY 


fe'ro, fer're, tu/li, 1a’/tus, bear,  in'fero, infer're, in'tuli, illà'tus, 
carry. bring in, upon, or against. 
con/fero, confer're, cón'tuli, bellum infer'/re, to make war on. 
colla’tus, bring together, col- — sig'na infer're, to advance. 
lect, (with sé) betake one's  expug'no, -à're, -a'vi, -à'tus, 


self. take by storm. 
dif'fero, differ/re, dis/'tuli, dilà' Rhé/nus, -i, m., Rhine. 
tus, scatter, differ. que, conj., and (always appended 
ef'fero, effer/re, ex'tuli, élà'tus, to another word which in con- 
bring out, carry away. struction belongs after it). 


425. What Latin words do the followin’ suggest ? 


transfer conference infer differ 


EXERCISES ON FORMS 
426. Translate: 
1. Fers, fertur, làtus erit, feram. 2. Distulit, differet, 
differimus, distulero. 3. Intulisti, inferent, inferrent, intu- 


lerat. 4. Collati erant, feruntur, fert, ferris. 5. Tulérunt, 
Infert, tulisti, conferam. 


* The motto of Connecticut. 
1 Notice the way the accent of the principal parts of compounds of fero 
swings back and forth like a pendulum. 


153 


154 LATIN LESSONS 


427. Translate: 


1. Let us differ, he will bring in. 2. They had carried 
out, we collect, you (sing.) carry. 3. They will have col- 
lected, he is carried. 4. They had differed, you ( plur.) have 
earried. 5. We shall scatter, let them advance to the attack. 


EXERCISES 

428. Translate: 

(a) 1. Seimus Caesarem  Germànis bellum intulisse. 
2. Inter sé lingua légibusque differunt. .3. Trans Rhenum 
sé conferent ne à cOpiis Rómànis vinci possint. 4. Decima 
legio signa infert et urbem expugnat. 5. Se suaque omnia 
Caesari dediderunt. 

(b) 1. Quis castris praeest? 2. Romani cum Germanis 
bellum gesserunt. 3. Iniüriàs regis mali ferre non possumus. 
4. Ne Galliae bellum inferàmus. 5. Nostri virtüte Gallis 
praestiterunt et fortissimi visi sunt. 


499. Translate: 


(a) 1. They collected all their weapons into the towns. 
2. Brutus made war on his enemies. 93. The infantry and 
the cavalry differ from each other. 4. We marched many miles 
that we might make war on the chiefs. 5. The leader ordered 
the van to advance and kill the enemy or seatter (them). 

(b) 1. The auxiliary troops were placed on the left wing. 
2. The king had told that the hostage had been carried away. 
3. We asked who he was and why he had come. 4. The 
Gauls who dwelt across the Rhine surrendered themselves to 
their conqueror. 95. They could not bring aid to their men. 


ORAL EXERCISE 


430. Answer these questions in Latin: 

1. Habésne magnum timorem? 2. Nonne milites signa 
inferent? 3. Centurione interfectus erat? | 4.. Cir animalia 
omnes in.partes ferebantur? 5. Quibus Romáàni bellum 
intulerunt ? 


LESSON LIII 


DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 


Semper eadem.—Always the same.* 
431. The demonstrative pronouns point out an object; . 
they are used either substantively or adjectively. They 


are: 
hic, this (near the speaker). is, that (often used as the per- 
iste, that (near you). sonal pronoun of the third 
ille, that (remote from both person). 

speaker and one addressed). Idem, (he same. 


(a) The first three are often called demonstratives of the first, second, 
and third persons. 


432. ‘The intensive pronoun is ipse, se/f. 


(a) Learn the declension of hic, iste, ille, is, idem, ipse, § 582. 


433. VOCABULARY 

hic, haec, hoc, this. tumul'tus, -üs, m., disturbance, 
l'dem, eadem, idem, same. tumult. 
il/le, illa, illud, that. sic, adv., so, in this way. 
ip'se, ipsa, ipsum, se/f, himself. a’g6, a'gere, e'gi, ac/tus, do, act, 
is, ea, id, that, he. drive. 
is'te, ista, istud, that. iu/beo, iubé/re, ius'si, ius/sus, 
Len'tulus, 3, m., Lentulus. order. It takes an infinitive 
nà'tio, -d/nis, f., nation, tribe. with subject accusative. 


434. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


action identify jussive national 


* The motto of Queen Elizabeth. Quoted also in the'maseuline and neuter 
genders. 


- 


155 


156 LATIN LESSONS 


EXERCISES 


435. Translate; tell which demonstrative pronouns 
are wsed substantively and which adjectively : 
| (a) 1. Huius viri hae feminae, huie centurioni, illorum 
militum, illi puero, illis hominibus. 2. Hie est malus, ille 
est peior. 3. Iste tuus amicus est sed eorum inimieus. 
4. Ipsiin eorum finibus bellum gerunt. 5. Caesar amicum 
suum vocavit et eius! virtütem laudavit. ; 

(b) 1. Quis sim, scies ex eo amicó quem ad té misi. 2. Ille 
dixit sé habere litteras à Lentulo. 3. Eaedem nàtiones 
Romae? amieae non erant. 4. Haee omnia sie agentur ut 
rés pübliea sine tumultü servétur. 5. Eodem tempore Caesar 


suas legiones laudàári iussit. 


436. Translate: 


(a) 1. I myself came to your city. 2. These are our 
friends; those are your enemies. 3. On the same day he 
will set out with two legions. 4. Those men ordered? the 
cavalry to drive the enemy from the city. 5. The nations of 
the earth are often in a great tumult. 

(6) 1. He will tell you that we have come. 2. We shall 
order? auxiliary troops to attack the rear of the enemy. 
3. Caesar very often made war upon his! enemies, and killed 
their leaders. 4. These things will be done by Lentulus 
himself as quickly as possible. 5. The brave troops bore 
their standards to the bank of the Rhine and took the cities 
of the enemy by storm. 


lWhen his, her, their, etc., do not refer to the subject, use the genitive 
of is. 

Notice that suus refers to the subject of the sentence in which it stands. 
When, however, it is used in a subordinate clause, it may refer to the subject 
of the principal sentence. 

2 $ 269. 

3 Translate in two ways: (1) with iubeo and (2) with impero. 


DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS Loe 


PHRASES FROM CAESAR 


437. Commit to memory with the translations: 


1. Patrum nostrorum memoria. 29. <A eastris suis. 
3. Paulo ante mediam noctem. 4. Ex omnibus partibus. 
5. Multis dé causis. 


The Roman Goddess Minerva. 


LESSON LIV 


DOUBLE QUESTIONS 


Sic semper tyrannis.— Thus always to tyrants.* 


438. Double questions are introduced by the following 


particles : utrum... an; -ne. 25 an; o A es an). 


( Utrum bonus est an malus ? 
Is he good or bad? | Bonusne est an malus? 
Bonus est an malus ? 


(a) When the second part of the question is negative, annon is used. 
Is he good or not? Estne bonus annon? 


149902 9 VOCABULARY 


an, conj., or; annOn, or not. equita’tus, -üs, m., cavalry. 
u'trum, conj.; not translated in  Pompe'ius, Pompe'1, m., Pompey. 
direct questions; in indirect  cOmsl'dO, -ere, -sé/di, 
questions, whether. camp, settle. 
antepO'no, -ere, -po'sul, -po'situs, place before, prefer. 
cognO'sco, cogno'scere, cogn6/vi, cog/nitus, become acquainted with, 


, en- 


learn, know. 
coniun/g6, coniun'gere, coniün'xi, coniünc'tus, join together, unite. 
pe'/to, -ere, -i'vi, -(ii), -I/tus, seek, ask. It takes accusative of the 
thing and ablative of the person with à or ab. 


440. What Latin words do the followin’ swóóest ? 


anteposition conjunction recognize petition 


* The motto of Virginia. 
158 


ung nn Ls 


DOUBLE QUESTIONS 159 


RULE 


441. Quality or Description. — ‘The quality or descrip- 
tion of a noun is expressed by the genitive or ablative 
with an adjective. 


He was a man of great courage.  Exat vir magnae virtütis, or 
Erat vir magna virtüte. 


(a) Definite measurement must be expressed by the genitive. 


The wall was of great height. Mutrus magna altitüdine erat. 
It was a wall of six feet in height. Murus sex pedum altitüdine erat. 


A German Bodyguard. 


EXERCISES 
449. Translate : 
(a) 1. Pompeius magna virtüte vir erat. 2. Circum 
moenia fossa quindecim pedum altitüdine est. 9. Utrum 
domi eras, annon? 4. Petivit utrum domi essés. 


5. Utrum Pompeius Ciceroni anteponétur, annon ? 

(b) 1. Caesar ex Gallis homines magnárum virium petebat 
ut in suo exercitü eis üteretur. 2. Antepónàtur omnibus 
Pompeius. 3. Milites omnia téla quae ab equitatü hostium 
relieta erant contulerunt. 4. Copiae Gallos vieerant et in 
eórum finibus considébant. -5. Ducem cum cohortibus duo- 
decim et magno numero equitátüs in hostium finés proficisci 


160 LATIN LESSONS 


iubet, né ex his natidnibus auxilia in Galliam mittantur et 
tantae nàtiones coniungantur. 


443. Translate : 


(a) 1. The Germans were men of great size. 2. We did 
not know whether he had been in the house or in the field. 
| 3. Pompey orders 
the lieutenant and 
his companions to 
encamp at the foot 
of a very high 
mountain. Aral 
saw the girl her- 
self. 5. The two 
places were joined 
by a wall of three 
feet in height. 

(b) 1. We have 
lived many years 
without slaves. 
2. Those who had 
been wounded were 
carried out, and the 
legions advanced 
that they might 
not be conquered 
by a leader of such 
valor. 3. Senator, tell us who has been placed in command 
of the one hundred soldiers, and why they do not surrender. 
4. Were the weapons carried away or left in the camp? 
5. What shall I say about Cicero and Pompey ? 


A Roman Urn. 


LESSON LV 


INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 


Ars est celare artem.—Art conceals art.* 


444. Pronouns which do not refer to definite persons 
or things are called indefinite pronouns. As an indefinite 


pronoun the simple form quis (substantive), qui (adjec- 
tive) is not common, but it has several compounds. 


1. The substantive forms are: 


M. AND F. NEUT. 

aliquis, some one, something. aliquid 
quisque, each one, every one. quidque 

Mas. FEM. NEvuT. 
quidam quaedam: quiddam, a certain one. 
2. 'The adjective forms are: 

Mas. FEM. Nerut, 
aliqui aliqua aliquod, «ny. 
quisque quaeque quodque, each. 
quidam quaedam 


quoddam, a certain. 


(a) In indefinite pronouns only the pronominal part is declined. 


M is changed to n before d; quendam, not quemdam. Learn the de- 
clension of aliquis, $ 585. 


* Literally: Art is to conceal art. 
161 


162 LATIN LESSONS 


445. VOCABULARY 


ar/ma, -6rum, n., arms, implements of war. 

ini'tium, ini’ti, n., beginning. 

re'fer6, refer’re, ret/tuli, rela/tus, bring back, report. 

turn back, return; the perfect stem 

tenses are from the active, the others 

| from the deponent. 

quan'tus, -a, -um, how great, how much. 

inte'rea, adv., in the meantime. 

post, prep. (with acc.), after (of time), behind (of place). 

alliquis, a'liquid (aliqui, aliqua, a'liquod, adj.), some one, some- 
thing. 

qui'dam, quae'dam, quid/dam (quod'dam, adj.), a certain one. 

quis'que, quid'que (quis’que, quae/que, quod'que, adj.), every one, 
each. 


rever'/to, -ere, -ti, -sus, 
rever'tor, -, reversus sum, 


446. What Latin words do the followinó suggest? 


initial refer quantity revert 


EXERCISES 


447. Translate; tell to what class each pronoun be- 
longs: 


(a) 1. Aliquem ad té mittent. 2. Quisque multo die 
profectus est. 3. Ab his quaesivit, quae civitatés quan- 
taeque in armis essent. 4. Paulum frümenti quemque domo 
efferre iubent. 5.. Multae nátiones auxilium à suis amicis 
petierunt. 

(b) 1. Quaedam legio Romam revertetur, et alicui victoriam 
nüntiàbit. 2. Mater aliis suos liberos anteponet. 3. Ex- 
trema pars huius libri initio difficilior est. 4. Eodem tem- 
pore equitatus noster et alii qui cum eis fuerant se in castra 
recipiébant. 5. Légati haee! sé ad suos relàtüros? dixerunt 
et post diem tertium ad Caesarem reversüros; intereà ne castra 
moveret petierunt. 


1 See $ 16. 2 Esse is often omitted in infinitives. 


| 
| 


INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 163 


448. Translate : 


(a) 1. The king gave arms to some one. 2. Pompey made 
a good beginning. 3. Our country is much loved by every 
one. 4. We do not know how great a number ean return. 
5. After the battle the soldiers were ordered to retreat into 
camp. 

(b) 1. A certain one will return to report all things to Caesar. 
2. They had encamped across a river of great depth. 3. I pre- 
fer her to all my other friends. — 4. This man was a sailor; 
that one,a farmer. 5. The cavalry will drive their horses into 
the territory of the Belgians, and in the meantime the leader 
will learn something about the character of the enemy. 


Roman Arms. 


LESSON LVI 


REVIEW 


Mens aequa in arduis.—A mind serene in difficulties.* 


449. Derivatives. — Write all the English words you 
can, which seem to be derived from the following: 


fuga ante quaero ego 
respondeo praepono praesum confero 
differd | Inferó fero natio 
tumultus ago coniungo arma 
initium refero reverto quantus 


450. Word Drill.— 1. Name the classes of pronouns 
and tell why each is so called. 2. Name the possessive 
pronouns. 38. Which demonstrative pronoun is com- 
monly used as the personal pronoun of the third person ? 
4. Give the Latin for Who are you? What man is this ? 


451. Form Drill. — 1. Decline hic, ille,is, idem. 2. De- 
cline the Latin for another soldier. 3. Decline the rela- 
tive pronoun. 4. Write one Latin sentence containing a 
personal, possessive, relative, demonstrative, and an inter- 
rogative pronoun. 5. When do we use tuus and when 
vester ? 


452. Syntax Drill. —(a) 1. How is utrum used and what 
does it mean? 2. What case and mood follow iubeo ? 
impero? 38. With what compound verbs is the dative 


* Motto on the statue of Warren Hastings in Caleutta. 
164 


REVIEW 165 


used? 4. In what does a relative pronoun agree with 
its antecedent? 5. What determines the gender of a 
possessive pronoun ? 


(5) Give the Latin for: 


. We saw the man who had been conquered. 

We knew who.had been conquered. 

We knew that the man had been conquered. 

The man fights that he may not be conquered. 

The man fought so bravely that he was not conquered. 


SA e e coe ES 


EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING 


453. 1. Audivimus quae oppida tüta essent. 2. Multas rés 4 
Caesare quaesivérunt dé profeetione. 3. Liberisé paulum lau- 
dant. 4. Romani exercitui Caesarem praeficiunt. 5. Dux 
tuus, Marce, secunda vigilia interfectus est. 6. Ubi nostros non 
esse inferidrés intelléxit militibus imperavit ut signa infer- 
rent. 7. Polliceor hoe vobis. 8. Eadem ab eo dicta erant. 
9. Scivérunt equitátum in Germániam missum esse. 10. Cui- 
que donum dabo. 


FABULAE FACILES 
Miri Spartae 
454. Quidam ex Spartàno quaesivit: “Ctr mürós non habet 
Sparta?"  Spartànus respondit: “ Nostra urbs müros optimos 
habet, incolarum fortium virtütem." 


Virtüs Spartana 
Réx Spartànus dixit: * Mei civés numquam quaesiverunt, 
* Quot sunt hostes ?? sed ‘ Ubi sunt ?’” 
Iocus Ciceronis 
Fémina quaedam, iüniorem sé esse simulàns quam erat, 
dictitabat sé trigintà tantum annos habére; eui Cicero dixit: 
* Verum est, nam hoc viginti annos audio." 


LESSON LVII 


PARTICIPLES 


Ave, Imperator! Morituri te salutant.— Hail, Emperor! Those who 
are about to die salute thee.* 


455. There are four participles: the present and future 
in the active voice and the perfect and future (or gerun- 
dive) in the passive voice. 


portans 
Present Active Participle = Present stem + -ns monéns 
or -ens diicéns 
audiéns 
portatürus 
Future Active Participle = Participral stem + ur | monitürus 
+ endings of magnus ductürus 
auditürus 


+ endings of magnus ductus 
auditus 
portandus 
monendus 
dücendus 
audiendus 


portatus 
Perfect Passive Participle = Participial stem monitus 
Future Passive Participle or Gerundive= Present 
stem + nd or end + endings of magnus 
U 


lote. — For iO verbs see $ 320. 


456. Declension of Participles. — All partieiples are de- 
clined like magnus except the present, which is declined 
like potens. A participle is a verbal adjective. Like a 


* The call of the Roman gladiators upon entering the arena for the gladia- 
torral contests. 


166 


‘Q08q JOLBYO ueulos V 


PARTICIPLES 167 


verb, it may take an object and be modified by an adverb; 
like an adjective, it agrees with its noun or pronoun, in 
gender, number, and case.’ 

We saw the farmer (as he was) driving his horses swiftly. Agricolam 
equos vélociter agentem vidimus. 


They saw. the city (which had been) captured by the enemy. Urbem 
ab hostibus captam viderunt. 


(a) A participle is often best translated by a phrase or clause. 


457. Time of Participles. — Like the infinitive, the time 
denoted by the participle is relative, depending on the 
time of the principal verb. The present participle de- 
notes the same time as the principal verb; the perfect 
participle, time before; and the future participle, time 
after the principal verb. 

Learn all the participles, active and passive, of porto, 
moneo, dücó, audid, sum, possum, fero, capio, SS 586, 587, 


D55555959:05917 599, 090: 


458. | VOCABULARY 
fides, -ei,f., faith, pledge, con- | addü'co, -ere, -dü'xi, -duc’tus, 
fidence. lead to, influence. 
li/tus, -oris, n. shore (of the  re/g6, -ere, re'xi, réc’tus, rule, 
sea). manage. 
sena’tus, -üs, m., senate. sapien'ter, adv., wisely. 


(a) Form all the infinitives and participles of refero, rego. 


459. What Latin words do the following suggest? 
fidelity sapient littoral reference 


EXERCISES 
460. Translate: 
(a) 1. Ad Caesarem auxilium petentes venerunt. 2. Viros 
vietos laudabimus. 3. Stàns in litore armis ütar. 4. Réx 


1 Compare $ 702. 


168 LATIN LESSONS 


nationem bene regere conatus laudátus est. 5. Centuriones 
ferentes suum ducem interfectum veniunt. 

(b) 1. Audivimus te mortem non vereri. 2. Caesar suos! 
impetum fortiter sustinentes vidit. 3. Hac oratidne adducti, 
inter sé fidem et itis lürandum dant. 4. Aliquem in senatt 
sapienter dicentem audivi. 5. Intereà à plüribus civitatibus 
ad eum légàti veniunt quibus pácem petentibus respondet 
obsidesque ad sé mitti iubet. 


461. Translate: 


(a) 1. Kings are not always loved when ruling wisely and 
well. 2. Having been influenced by the senate, the Roman 
people praised their generals. 3. Caesar gave a pledge to 
the Gauls when they were seeking peace. 4. Pompey, after 
being placed in command of the army, conquered many na- 
tions. 5. The general, seeing the soldiers of the tenth legion 
fighting long and fiercely, knew that they would not surrender. 

(b) 1. In the beginning of the war Caesar saw all the forces 
of the Belgians setting out against him. 2. Let us remain 
at the seashore all summer. 3. This man lived in a city of 
great size; that one, on the seashore. 4. The centurions 
differ from each other in many respects. 95. The tired 
horseman returns to the camp after the battle and seeks aid 
from his companions. 


PHRASES FROM CAESAR 
462. Commit to memory with the translations: 


1. Hac oratione adducti. 2. Senátus populusque Romanus. 
3. Orátionem habére. 4. Plüs posse. 5. Plürimum posse. 


1 See § 420, Footnote 2. 


LESSON, LVIII 


ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 
Consule Planco.— When Plancus was consul.* 


463. The Ablative Absolute consists of two words in the 
ablative case grammatically independent of the rest of the 
sentence. It may consist of (1) a substantive and a parti- 
ciple, signo dato; (2) a substantive and an adjective, 
periculó magno; (2) two substantives, Caesare imperatére. 

The Ablative Absolute is usually best translated as a 
clause and generally denotes time, cause, condition, or 
concession. ‘The substantive in the Ablative Absolute 
never denotes the same person or thing as the subject or 
object of the main verb. 


1. Signo dato, oppidum oppugnavérunt. The signal having 
been given (literally), when the signal had been given, they attacked the 
town. 

2. Pericul6 magno, Caesar signum dedit. The danger being 
great (literally), since the danger was great, Caesar gave the signal. 

9. Caesare imperatore, ad victoriam exercitus dicétur. 
Caesar being general (literally), if Caesar is general, the army will be 
led to victory. 

4. Multis interfectis, oppidum expugnavimus. Many having 
been killed (literally), although many had been killed, we took the town by 
storm. 


(a) The verb sum has no present participle, consequently the connect- 
ing word being cannot be expressed in the Latin of 2 and 3, but must be 


supplied in the translation. 
(b) The participle and the adjective must agree with the substantive 


in gender, number, and case. 


* Horace. An expression used by the Romans for “ In the good old days." 
169 


170 LATIN LESSONS 


464. Perfect Participles. — There is no perfect active 
participle in Latin. We cannot put literally into Latin: 
The leader, having given the signal, fought bravely. There 
is no Latin word meaning having given, but the same idea 
may be expressed by changing the voice of the participle 
and making it agree with signal instead of leader, as: The 
signal having been given, the leader fought bravely. Signs 
dato, dux fortiter pugnavit. 


(a) Such an ablative absolute may be rendered as an independent 
coórdinate clause: The leader gave the signal and fought bravely. 

(b) A deponent verb has a perfect participle with an active meaning, 
so no change is necessary in the case of a deponent verb. Having encour- 
aged the Remi, Caesar ordered the entire senate to come to him. Caesar 
Rémos cohortatus omnem senatum ad sé convenire iussit. 


465. VOCABULARY 
aedifi'cium, -1, n., building. conten'dO, -ere, -di, -ten'tus, 
Gal/ba, -ae, m., Galba. hasten, contend. 
immortà!lis, -e, immortal. incen'do, -ere, -cen'di, -cén'sus, 
invic'tus, -a, -um, invincible. set on fire, burn, (with acc.). 
acci'pio, -ere, -cé'pi, -cep'tus, praemit’té, -ere, -m1's1, -mis'sus, 
receive, accept. send ahead. 


tra'do, -ere, -didi, -ditus, give up, surrender. 


466. What Latin words do the following suggest ? 


edifice invincible incendiary tradition 


EXERCISES 
467. Translate; render ablatives absolute literally and 
as clauses, and decide which makes the better English: 
(a) 1. Spe àmissà fügerunt. 2. Pace facta, cir diütius 
pugnatis ? 3. Omnibus vicis aedifieiisque incensis, ad castra 
Caesaris omnibus eópiis contenderunt. 4. Intereà milites 


legionum duàárum, proelio nüntiato,in summo colle ab hostibus | 


ee 


| 
| 


ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE  - Tol 


videbantur. 5. His rébus gestis, ab iis nátionibus missi sunt 
legati ad Caesarem qui sé obsides datüros esse pollicérentur. 

(b) 1. Hostes ordinem Caesaris agminis nón cognovérunt. 
2. Omnem equitátum qui! novissimum agmen morárétur prae- 
misit. 3. Romani intellexerunt deós immortalés plirimum? 
posse. 4. Cicero dixit deos immortàles huie invietó populo 
auxilium esse làtüros. 5. Caesar, obsidibus acceptis, primis 
civitatis atque ipsius Galbae regis duobus filiis, armisque om- 
nibus ex oppido traditis, in déditionem hostés accépit. 


468. Translate; express the subordinate clauses by the 
use of the ablative absolute when possible : 


(a) 1. While Caesar is leader, our forces are invincible. 
2. Since many soldiers had been killed, Pompey received re- 
eruits into his army. 35. When the cavalry had been sent 
ahead, the infantry followed without fear. 4. Having burned 
all the buildings on the shore, they destroyed the ships of the 
enemy. 5. When these things have been done, they fortify 
the towns and carry the grain out of the fields into the towns. 

(b) 1. It is easier to promise than to do. 2. The senate 
was very powerful among the Romans. 3. When the letters 
had been received, Caesar enlisted two legions in hither Gaul. 
4. Let us surrender and hasten home as quickly as possible. 
5. Let the senate make as good laws as possible that the 
people may prefer the senate to a king. 


1 qui = ut is. 2 Adverbial Accusative of Degree. 


LESSON LIX 


SUBJUNCTIVE WITH CUM 
Abeunt studia tn mores.— Pursuits pass over into habits.* 


469. Clauses introduced by cum may denote circumstance. 
cause, or concession. | 


470. Cum Circumstantial.! — Cum, meaning when, takes 
the subjunctive to denote the circumstances under which 
an action took place. This use is commonly found only 
in the imperfect and pluperfect tenses. 

When the purpose of the cum clause is merely to give 
the date of the action or the state described by the princi- 
pal sentence, the verb is put in the indicative. 

When this had been announced to Caesar, he set out from the city. 
Caesari cum id nüntiatum esset, ab urbe profectus est. 


When Caesar came into Gaul, the Aedui were the leaders. Cum 
Caesar in Galliam vénit, principés erant Aedui. 


471. Cum Causal. — Cum, meaning since, regularly takes 
the subjunctive. 


Since this is so, I will go. Quae cum ita sint, Ib6. 
Since they were retreating, we attacked. Cum sé reciperent, oppug- 
navimus. 


472. Cum Concessive. — Cum, meaning although, takes 
the subjunetive. 


Although we had burned the town, they did not surrender. Cum oppi- 
dum incendissémus, non sé tradidérunt. 


* Ovid. 1 This is sometimes called cum temporal. 
172 


ee ee TNI 


SUBJUNCTIVE WITH CUM lio 


Although Caesar thought that the Roman legions were invincible, he 
did not hasten into Gaul. Caesar, cum RGmanas legionés esse 
invictas existimaret, in Galliam non contendit. 


(a) The tense usage in all these subjunctive clauses is the same as that 
described in § 364. 


473. Conjunctions with Indicative. — 

1. Ubi, when, and postquam, after (conjunction), take 
the indicative. 

2. Quod and quia, because, and quoniam, since, regularly 
take the indicative to express cause. 

3. Quamquam, meaning although, takes the indicative. 


474. VOCABULARY 
cau'sa, -ae, f., cause, reason. tradü'co, -dü'cere, -düx'1, -duc’- 
cau'sà (with gen.), for the sake of. tus, lead across. 
mo'tus, -üs, m., movement, revolt. | commit/to, -ere, -mi'si, -mis'- 
potes'tás, potesta'tis, f., power, sus, join; proelium com- 
opportunity. mittere, join battle, begin an 
rü/mor, -O/ris, m., rumor, report. engagement. 
re/liquus, -a, -um, remaining, (he — repe'rio, -i/re, repperi, reper'- 
rest. tus, find, discover. 
af/fero, -fer/re, at/tuli, allà'tus,  ta/men, adv., nevertheless, still, 
bring. however. 
cum, conj., when, since, although. cum primum, is soon as. 


475. What Latin words do the following suggest ? 


commotion commit rumor traduce 


EXERCISES 
476. Translate; sive the reason for the mood and 
tense of each verb: 


(a) 1. Cum esset Caesar in citeridre Gallia, crébri ad eum 
rimorés afferébantur. 2. Cum téla sua àmisisset, pugnàre 
nón potuit. 3. Cum spés victoriae magna sit, tamen centu- 


174 LATIN LESSONS 


ridnés signa non inferunt. 4. Caesar, ubi nostros nón esse 
inferiores intelléxit, proelium commisit. 5. Liberórum nostro- 
rum causà ne in potestate hostium diütius simus. 

.(b) 1. Cum ab his quaereret, quae civitates in armis essent, 
causam belli repperit. 2. Dare! melius est quam accipere. 
3. Hoe facto, duabus legionibus relictis, reliquàs sex legiones 
ex castris edüxit. 4. Partem suàrum cópiárum flümen magna 
latitüdine tràdücere? conati sunt ut castra expugnarent. 
5. Multa dé stellis atque eàrum moti, dé terrae magnitüdine, 
de deorum immortàlium viribus et potestate scimus. 


477. Translate: 


(a) 1. Although they have very many wounds, they fight 
for the sake of power. 2. When the Gauls had made many 
revolts, Caesar conquered them and sent them under the yoke. 
3.. Although we have found out many things about the stars, 
there is much which we do not know. 4. When the legions 
had been left in the camp, the general led the remaining sol- 
diers across the territory of the enemy. 5. Although rumors 
of the danger had been brought to us, yet we did not give up 
hope. 

(b) 1. When the people had been informed concerning the 
death of Cicero, many declared that he had been an excellent 
consul and had saved his country. 2. She excels her brother 
in diligence. 3: The forces of the Gauls will encamp be- 
tween the river and the hill. 4. Although they were men of 
great power and courage, nevertheless they were not invincible. 


5. Ina very short time we found out who had been bringing . 


evil reports about us. 

1 An infinitive or clause used substantively is neuter singular, and the 
adjective accordingly is put in the neuter. 

2 Tr&ádüco governs two accusatives. 


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LESSON LX 


CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 


5: monumentum. requiris, circumspice.—If you seek a monument; 
look about you.* 


478. A conditional sentence consists of two parts: (a) 
the conditional clause and (4) the conclusion. For example, 
in the sentence, /f you say this, you are wrong, the clause 
introduced by if is the conditional clause, while you are 
wrong is the conclusion. 

In Latin the conditional clause is most frequently in- 
troduced by si, 7f. 


There are different kinds of conditional sentences. 


479. Conditional Sentences of Fact.—— Sometimes the 
eonditional clause assumes something to be true, and 
the conclusion contains a statement of fact. In this 
case the indicative is used both in the conditional clause 
and in the conclusion. 

If Caesar fights, he conquers. Si Caesar pugnat, vincit. 


If the boy was good, he was praised. S1 puer bonus erat, laudà- 
. batur. 


480. Conditional Sentences of Doubt. — In this class the 
conclusion states that something would take place if a 


* Motto on the tomb of Sir Christopher Wren in St. Paul's Cathedral, Lon- * 
don, of which Wren was the architeet. From this was adapted the motto of 
Michigan: Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam, circumspice. Jf you 
seek a delightful peninsula, look about vou. 

1 Notice how closely conditions in Latin resemble conditions in English. 

175 


176 LATIN LESSONS 


certain condition should be fulfilled. This is the state- 
ment not of a fact, as in the first class, but of an idea 
depending upon something concerning which there is a 
doubt. Both verbs are put in the subjunctive. 

If Caesar should fight, he would conquer. Si Caesar pugnet, vincat. 


If the boy should be good, he would be praised. S1 puer bonus 
sit, laudetur. 


481. TABLE OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 
| = 
CLASS | TIME | MOOD TENSE ILLUSTRATION 
Pres- : 1. If Caesar fights, he conquers. 
ent Present. Si Caesar pugnat, vin- 
cit. 
2. If Caesar was -fighting, he 
| was conquering. : Si Cae- 
raya Imperfect sar pugnabat, vincé- 
Fact Past on or bat. If Caesar fought, 
Perfect he conquered. Si Caesar 
pugnavit, vicit. 
: 3. If Caesar fights, he will 
Fu- Future conquer. Si Caesar pug- 
ture nabit, vincet. 


7 If Caesar should fight, he would 
Fu- |Sub- ; = 

Doubt Seite ‘ Present conquer. Si Caesar pug- 
ture | junctive oF net, vincat. 


Pres: I eh l. If Caesar were fighting, he 

ent| - hu would conquer. Si Cae- 

. Contrary Sub- sar pugnaret, vinceret. 
to Fact junetive 2. If Caesar had fought, he 


Past Pluperfect would have ' conquered. 
SI Caesar pugnavisset, 
vicisset. 


CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TT 


482. Conditional Sentences Contrary to Fact. — Both 
conclusions and conditions that are contrary to fact are 
expressed by the subjunctive. The use of the tenses 
should be carefully noted. If the thing is contrary to 
fact at the present time, the imperfect is used; if it is con 
trary to fact in the past, the pluperfect is used. 

If Caesar were fighting, he would conquer. (‘This implies that Caesar 
is not fighting and so does not conquey. It is a condition in present 
time contrary to fact.) Si Caesar pugnaret, vinceret. 

If Caesar had fought, he would have conquered. (This implies the 


same as the last sentence except that the time is past instead of 
present.) Si Caesar pugnavisset, vicisset. 


483. VOCABULARY 
Ae'duus, -1, m., an Aeduan. defen'do, -ere, -fen'dI, -fen'sus, 
Catili'na, -ae, m., Catiline. defend, guard. 
défén/sor, -o/ris, m., defender. nü'do, -à/re, -à'vi, -a’tus, strip, 
ho'nor, -6’ris, m., honor, esteem. leave unprotected. 
tur’ris, -is (-ium), f., tower. — Si, conj. if. 
ver/bum, -i, n. word; plural,  ni'si, conj., if not, unless. 

speech. e/tiam, adv., also, even. 


484. What Latin words do the following swóóest? 


honor defend nude turret 


EXERCISES 


485. Translate, first Giving the mood, tense, and conse- 
quent time and class of each conditional sentence: 


(a) 1. Si boni essémus, laudérémur. 2. Si periculum 
célés, non timeamus. 3. Si réx bene réxisset, nón inter- 
fectus esset. 4. Si pater tuus Romanus est, ti Romanus es. 
5. Si perieulum cognéscas, nobis narrés. 

— (b) 1. Si urbés bene défenderentur, capi nón possent. 
2. Si urbs nüdàtur, defendi non potest. 3. Sir telis ati 


178 LATIN LESSONS 


potuissent, nón vieti essent. 4. SI pueri bonds comites 
haberent, non pugnarent. 5. Si oppidum müniàátur, id eapere 
nón possimus. 


486. Translate, first noticing what time and thought 
are expressed and what mood and tense are accordingly 
required: | 

(a) 1. If I were you, I would be better. 2. If you can 
run, I ean follow you.  $. If you had delayed longer, you 
would have been blamed. 4. If we should make an end of 
the battle, many would survive. 5. If the attack had been 
made as quickly as possible, the forces would have fled. 

(b) 1. If the king should return home, his friends would 
receive him gladly. 2. If the Aeduans were brave, the town 
would be taken by storm. 3. If Catiline had brought war 
on us, we should have sent him from the state. 4. If you 
have been good, you have been praised. 5. If the rest had 
fled, we should have discovered their flight. 


SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 


487. Translate, first Giving mood, tense, ete. as in 
$ 465: 

(a2) 1. Si urbs à nobis défendatur, hostes eam nón capere 
possint. 2. Sr illis verbis üsus esset, culpatus esset. 3. Si 
oppidum défénsoribus nüdábàtur, impetum diü sustinere nón 
poterat. 4. Si miles gravissimum vulnus accipiat, ex proelio 
à suis comitibus ferátur. 5. Caesar honoris Aeduorum causa 
sese eos in fidem receptürum esse dixit. 

(b) 1. Sr turris ad mürum movérétur, in défénsdrés lapides 
iacerémus. 2. Nülla causa est ctr te tam saepe defendam. 
3. Dux eum repperit ubi hostes essent, celeriter proelium 
commisit. 4. Si Catilina in urbe ad hune diem mansisset, 
tantis periculis rem püblieam nón liberávissemus. 5. Senà- 
tus haee iutellegit, consul videt; hie tamen vivit. Vivit? 
Etiam in senatum venit. 


CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 179 


488. Translate, first noticing the time, thought, etc., as 
in § 486: 

(a) 1. If a revolt had been made, the hostages would have 
been killed. 2. lf your city should be stripped of defenders, 
what would you do? 3. If the king rules well, the citizens 
do that which he commands. 4. If the enemy's scouts 
should set fire to our camp, we would try to defend it. 5. If 
the guards had defended the place more diligently, the fortifi- 
cations eould not have been taken by storm. 

(b) 1. Unless the city had been deprived of defenders, the 
army of the Aeduans would not have been conquered. 2. The 
remaining Gauls will be invincible. 3. When we have sur- 
rendered, we shall not attack the enemy. 4. When we had 
found out that the tower could be moved, we hastened to move 
it as quickly as possible. 5. If Cicero were living, he would 
be held in esteem by the men of our state. - 


Cicero delivering the First of his Famous Orations against Catiline. 


LESSON LXI 


REVIEW 
Divide et impera.— Divide and govern.* 


489. Derivatives. — Write all the English words you 
can, which seem to be derived from the following : 


fides invictus rego contineo 
aedificium immortalis acclpio contendo 
incend6 trado motus rümor 
reliquus tràdüco committo causa 
defendo honor turris verbum 


490. Form Drill. — 1. How is each participle formed 
and declined? 2. Of what three combinations may an 
Ablative Absolute consist? 8. Give four possible trans- 
lations of rümóre audito. 4. Translate, first by a clause 
and then by an Ablative Absolute: (a) When Caesar 
had brought the grain, they discovered a new danger. (b) 
Since his soldiers were not brave, the leader surrendered. 


491. Syntax Drill.— 1. Why is an Ablative Absolute 
necessary? 2. What three kinds of clauses may be in- 
troduced by cum? 3. When is the subjunctive used 
and when the indicative in a causal clause? in a conces- 
sive clause? 4. Give the law of Sequence of Tenses. 
5. In Conditional Sentences what mood and tense are 
used to express (a) a fact in present, past, future time ? 
(6) a statement contrary to fact in present, past time ? 
- (€) a doubt in future time ? 


* Motto of Louis XI of France. 
180 


x hg ‘2, 
Nr. c 


'esnoH ueuloy eB jo umnoo eu 


ition 


Seti 


REVIEW 181 


EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING 


492. 1. Trés arborés in ordine stantés manent. 2. Régnum 
in eivitàte nostra à fratre tuo tenébatur. 3. Postero dié nostra 
aciés in equitàtum hostium signa intulit. 4. Armis traditis 
sé défendere non possunt. 5. Decem legionibus conseriptis, 
in Galliam eontendes. 6. Cum finem proeli nox fecisset, 
nüntius ad légétum missus est. 7. heperiàmus magnitüdinem 
silvae. 8. Cum fortiter impetum nostrorum militum sus- 
tinérent, à sud duce vidébantur. 9. Liberorum nostrorum 
causa né servi diütius simus. 10. Multae eivitàtes Gallorum, 


quae à Romanis sub iugum missae erant, bellum intülérunt. 


Domus ROMANA 


493. Pictiram Romànae domüs videmus quae pulcherrima 
est. Ante idnuam domüs Romanae erat vestibulum. Romaànis 
mos erat ut in limine * Salve" scriberent. 

Iànitor ad iànuam saepe stábat. Ibi canis ' saepe erat aut 
in sol6 pietüra canis cum verbis * Càve canem " videri poterat. 
Super iàánuam erat scriptum, “ Nihil intret mali.” 

Interior domus in tres partes divisa est. Harum prima pars 
appellata est atrium. Ibi in medio tecto apertum spatium 
relictum est, ut lüx et àér intrarent. Pluvia per eundem 
locum in impluvium descendit. In àátrio dominus suós amicés 
accipiebat, 

Pariés pietüris montium, flüminum, animalium atque viro- 
rum et feminàrum pulchré ornátus est. Ea pars, quae àtrioó 
proxima erat, appellata est tablinum. Ibi dominus tabulàs 
familiàres et pecüniam servavit. 

Tertia pars domüs et pulcherrima erat peristylium, in quó 
pulehri flores et fontes columnis marmoreis inclüsi sunt. Inter 
tablinum et peristylium velum erat. 

Si domus fenestras habébat, in superiore parte parietis erant 
et parvae. 


LESSON LXII 


IMPERATIVES. COMMANDS 
Ne tentes aut perfice. — Either don’t attempt it or finish it. 


494. Learn the imperative! active and passive of all the 
conjugations, §§ 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 591. 


(a) The vocative is used as a case of address with the imperative. 


Boys, be brave. Fortés, pueri, este. 
Marcus, fight with the enemy. Pugna, Marce, cum hostibus. 


495. Learn the conjugation of eo in full, § 594. 


496. TABLE OF COMMANDS 


lst person.  Volitive Subjunctive. 

Let us fight. Pugnémus. 
2d person. Imperative. 

Fight. Pugnate. 
9d person. Volitive Subjunctive. 

Let them fight. Pugnent. 


AFFIRMATIVE. 


lst person. Ne with subjunctive. 
Let us not fight. N&é pugnémus. 
NEGATIVE 2d person. WNO6li (plu.ndlite) with present infinitive. 
(Prohibitions). Do not fight. Nolite pugnare.? 
3d person. Né with subjunctive. — 
Let them not fight. Né pugnent. 


1 Compare § 692 and a. 
? Ne pugnes, or Ne pugnate — old Latin. 
182 


IMPERATIVES. COMMANDS 


497. 


a/deó, -I're, it (-1v1), -itus, go fo, 
approach, visit (followed by 
the accusative). 

cre'do, -ere, cré/didi, cre'ditus, 
trust, believe. 

e'o, I're, i/I (1'v1), itü/rus, go. 

ex'eo, -I’re, -i'1 (-1'vi), itus, go 
out, withdraw. 


183 


VOCABULARY 


lo'quor, lo'qui, locü'tus sum, 
speak, say. 

pà'reó, -e're, pa/rui, —, obey. 

pla'ceo, -é’re, -ul, -itus, please. 

resi'sto, -ere, re/stiti, —, resist, 
oppose. 

ser'vio, -i/re, -i/vi, -i/tus, to be 
slave to, serve. 


498. What Latin words do the followin’ suggest? 


credit loquacious resist 


placid 


RULE 


499. Dative with Intransitive Verbs. — Many verbs 
meaning to benefit or injure, please or displease, command! 
or obey, serve or resist, believe or distrust, persuade, pardon, 
envy, threaten, be angry, and the like, take the dative. 


Believe me. Mihi créde. 


He persuaded the soldiers. Militibus persuasit. 


EXERCISES ON COMMANDS 
500. Translate : 


(a) i. L 2 Pàré mihi. 
4. Noli putàre me tibi restitisse. 

(b) 1. Credite mihi. 2. Resiste malis comitibus. 
mihi litteràs. 4. Verbo amici, Cicero, crede. 
mansissent, copiis hostium restitissent. 


3. Servite, servi, dominis. 
5. Domum eàmus. 

9. Affer 
5. Si 


901. (a) 1. Girls, remain at home. 2. Let us speak about 
the things which we hear. 3. Children, obey your mothers. 
4. Soldiers, send hostages to the victor. 5. Friends, do not 
surrender to the Germans. 


1 Iubeo takes the accusative, as subject of a following infinitive. 


184 LATIN LESSONS 


(b) 1. Throw the heavy stones against the wall 2. Sol 
diers, march to the nearest town and bring a supply of grain 
quickly to the army. 3. Let us goto Rome. 4. Boys, for 
the sake of your honor, resist evil companions. 95. My brave 
friend, fear nothing, and do not run from danger. 


EXERCISES 


502. Translate, $ivinó the construction of each noun: 

(a) 1. Ibimus Roma. 2. Nobis imperavit ut régi serviré- 
mus. 3. Dixérunt facile esse, cum virtüte omnibus praesta- 
rent, totius Galliae imperio potiri! 4. Militibus imperat ut 
in proelium eant. 5. Omnibus vicis aedificiisque, quae adire 
potuerant, incensis, castra posuérunt. 

(6) 1. Rümoribus auditis, imperio regis  restitimus. 
2. Legio, cum in proelium fortiter isset, hostibus non dititissimé 
restitit. 3. Maiori tamen parti plaeuit castra défendere.! 
4. Si mihi imperávisset ne verbum loquerer, ei pàruissem. 
5. Civitàti persudsit, ut dé finibus suis cum omnibus copiis 
exirent. 


503. Translate: 


(a) 1. If they had trusted me, they would not have gone. 
2. The defenders received many wounds while defending their 
native land. 3. If the towers were higher, we could resist 
the enemy better. 4. Although they believe us, they will 
not obey us. 5. If you should go at daybreak, it would 
please me. 

(b) 1. Servants, obey your masters as well as possible. 
2. We know that you have approached the bank of the river. 
3. The general, having been warned of the danger, led his 
forces into camp. 4. When he has seized the royal power, 
he will send some men from the city, and others he will kill. 
5. The left wing of the army approached the enemy’s line of 
battle as bravely as possible. 


1 Infinitive used as a substantive. 


LESSON LXIII 


VOLO, NOLO, MALO. DATIVE OF PURPOSE 


Fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt. — Men willingly 
believe that which they wish.* 


504. Learn the conjugation of volo, nolo, malo, § 592. 


505. Syntax of volo, nolo, malo. — The infinitive with 
subject accusative is used after volo, nolo, malo when 
its subject is not the same as that of the governing verb. 
When the subject of both verbs is the same, the comple- 
mentary infinitive is used.! 


I wish you to go. Volo té ire. 
I wish to go. Volo ire. 


506. VOCABULARY 
difficul'tàs, -tà'tis, f., difficulty. n6/16, nol/le, n6/lui, be unwilling. 
hi'ems, hi'emis, f., winter, stormy occi'd6, -ere, -ci'di, -ci’sus, kill, 
weather. slay. " 
re'/gio, -o'nis, f., region, boundary, pello, -ere, pe’puli, pul'sus, 
district. | drive out, put to flight, defeat. 
subsi'dium, subsi/di, n., aid. vo'lo, vel'le, vo'lui, be willing, 
mà/16, màl'le, mà'lui, prefer. wish. h 


507. What Latin words do the followin? suggest? 


voluntary expel region volitive 


* Caesar. 1 Compare § 694 and a. 
185 


186 LATIN LESSONS 


RULE 


508. Dative of Purpose. — A dative expressing purpose 
is used with sum and a few other verbs. 


The legion served as aid to Caesar. Legio auxilio Caesari fuit. 
He sent men as aid, to the army. Viros subsidió exercitui misit. 


(a) Here auxilió and subsidió are dative of purpose. ^ — "^ 


EXERCISES 

909. Translate: 

(a) 1. Vult hostes pellere. 2. Deo volente, Romae té 
videbimus. 3. His diffieultátibus duae res erant subsidio. 
4. Volo te tuo patri placitürum esse. 5. Malueràmus copias 
vestras auxilio nobis et nostro exereitui ventiras 'esse. ^ 

(b) 1. Decima legio Caesari subsidio erat. _ 2. Caesar 
noluit legiones auxilio Aeduis mittere. 3. His facile pulsis, 
incrédibili celeritáte ad flümen cucurrérunt. ( 4. Caesar me- 
morià tenebat consulem occisum exercitumque ius ab Helvétiis 
pulsum et sub iugum missum. 95. Obsidibus cüstodes prae- 
ponit, ut, quae agant, quibuscum ! loquantur, scire possit. 


510. Translate: 


(a) 1. We were willing to fight longer for our country. 
2. Caesar had been unwilling to send the tenth legion as aid 
for Galba. 3. If I had preferred to remain at home, I should 
not have gone with you. 4. He thought it would not be dif- 
ficult to slay the enemy. 5. Obey your leader, fight bravely. 

(b) 1. Caesar could not engage in battle on account of the 
stormy weather. 2. If I believed your words, I would not 
delay my departure. 3. When we wished you to approach 
the regions of the Germans, we could see no difficulty. 
4. We wish to defend these regions with towers of such 
height. 5. Caesar remained in camp ten days that the 
remaining cavalry might come as aid to him. 


1 Cum is often appended to a pronoun as an enclitic. 


LESSON LXIV 


SEMI-DEPONENTS. DATIVE OF POSSESSOR 


Gaudeamus igitur iuvenes dum sumus.— Let us rejoice, then, while 
we are young. 


511. Semi-deponents are verbs which have the present 
system in the active voice and the perfect system in the 
passive voice, but both with the active meaning. 

au'deo, -é/re, au/sus sum, dare. 
gau'deO, -é're, gavi'sus sum, rejoice. 
so/leo, -é/re, so/litus sum, be wont. 
fi'do, fi'dere, fi/sus sum, trust. 


512. VOCABULARY 

au/deo, -é/re, au/sus sum, dare. — fi'o, fi'eri, fac'tus sum, become, 
clas'sis, -is (-ium), f., a fleet. be made, happen. Learn the 
c6/g5, -ere, coé'gi, coac’tus, conjugation, § 595. 

collect, compel. trans’/e6, -I/re, J'vi (-il) -itus, 
conve/nio, -i/re, -vé/ni, -ven’- go across. 

tus, assemble. In/stru6, -ere, -strü'xl, -strüc'- 
conven'tus, -üs, m., assembly, tus, draw up, construct. 

meeting. progre/dior, -i, -gres/sus sum, 
edo'ceO, -é/re, édo'cui, édoc'- advance. 

tus, show, inform, instruct. Veneti, -6/rum, m., Veneti. 


913. What Latin words do the followin’ suggest? 


audacious transitive instruct progress 


RULE 


514. Dative of Possessor. — The dative is used with 
sum to denote the possessor, the thing possessed being 
the subject. 

The boy has a book. Puero liber est. 

Cicero’s name was Marcus Tullius. Cicer6ni nómen erat Marcus 


Tullius. 
187 


188 LATIN LESSONS 


EXERCISES 
515. Translate: 


(a) 1. Viro erat pulcherrima domus. 2. Nonne hieme in 
mare ire ausus es? 3. Impetus in eos fit sed eis nüllus 
timor est. 4. Fortis vir praeerat eis civitaétibus ex quibus 
exercitum coégerat. 5. Brütum adulescentem classi nàvi- 
busque, quàs convenire iusserat, praeficit et in Venetos eum 
profieisei iubet. 

(b) 1. Quaerit ex eo soló quae in conventü dixerit. 2. Mi- 
litibus multa téla erant. 3. Huic magnis donis persuádet ut 
ad hostes transeat, et quid fieri velit edocet. 4. Proximo die 
Caesar 6 castris copiàs suas édüxit et paulum 4 castris progres- 
sus, aclem instrüxit. 5. Nolite id velle quod fieri non potest. 


516. Translate: 


(a) 1. The manners of my pupils please me. much. 
2. The Veneti had very many ships. 3. They informed the 
Veneti that they wished to assemble near the shore. 4. They 
went across the river and led the army among the enemy. 
5. The leader dares to advance to the regions of the enemy 
and is asking about the character of the people. 

(b) 1. Caesar drew up a line of battle on the top of the 
hill. 2. Other forces were sent as aid to Caesar. 3. They 
had set out in the winter and two thousand of their men had 
been slain. 4. Citizens, trust the defenders of your country. 
5. The soldier had great courage and he became leader of the 
enemy. 


LESSON LXV 


GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 


Crescit eundo.— It órows as it $oes.* 


917. The Gerund is a verbal noun. It is formed by the 
present stem +nd (or end) 4- neuter endings of the second 
declension. It is found in the genitive, dative, accusative, 
ablative, singular only; portandi, portando, portandum, 
portando. 


518. The Gerundive is a verbal adjective.! It is formed 
by the present stem + nd (or end) + endings of magnus ; 


portandus, -a, -um. 


519. Gerund and Gerundive Uses. — The gerund may 
take a direct object. When it would have an object, 
the gerundive is generally used instead, the object 
taking the case of the gerund and the gerundive agree- 
ing with the object as an adjective. 


Desirous of seeking peace. | Cupidus pacem petendi (gerund). 
Cupidus pacis petendae (gerundive construction). 

We have hope of conquering the enemy. Habémus spem vincendi 
hostés (gerund). Habémus spem vincendórum hostium (gerun- 
dive construction). 


* The motto of New Mexico. Literally: By going. 
lAn easy way to distinguish gerund and gerundive is to think that ‘‘ the 
gerundive is an adjective." 
189 


190 


520. 


adver’sus, -a, -um, turned toward, 
facing, face to face. 


commea’tus, -üs, m., supplies, | 


provisions. 
hiber'na, -ó'rum, n. 
quarters. 
por’tus, -iis, m., harbor, port. 
praesi'dium, praesi/di, n., guard, 
garrison, protection. 


winter 


LATIN LESSONS 


VOCABULARY 


sa/lüs, -ü'tis, f., safety. 

effi/cio, -ere, -fé'c1, -fec'tus, ac- 
complish, bring about. 

clau'/dó6, -ere, clau’si, clau'sus, 
shut, close. 

Occur/ro, -ere, -cur/ri, -cur/sus, 
meet. 

prox'ime, 
cently. 


adv., next, most re- 


521. What Latin words do the following suggest ? 


hibernate adverse 


occur efficient 


RULE 


522. The Expression of Purpose. — The most common 
ways of expressing purpose are: 


1. Subjunctive with ut. Vénérunt ut urbem vidérent. 


to see the city. 
2. Subjunctive with 
viderent. 


relative pronoun. 


They came 


Venerunt qui urbem 


3. Gerundive construction with ad. VWénérunt ad urbem videndam. 


4. Gerundive construction with causa. 


causa. 


Venérunt urbis videndae 


(a) In Latin prose purpose can not be expressed by the infinitive. 


EXERCISES 


523. Ewpress the purpose in four ways: 


1. They went to close the gates. 
3. Soldiers go into battle to slay the enemy. 


instruct us. 


4. Caesar came to conquer Gaul. 


the guard ? 
524. Translate: 


(a) 1. Milités pugnandi finem fécérunt. 
3. Nautae in portum salitis 


petendam cotidié vénérunt. 


2. We have teachers to 


5. Will you hasten to meet 


2. Ad pácem 


GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 191 


petendae causa contendunt. 4. Nüntios in omnés partés 
dimiserunt. 5. Efficiébat ut commeattis ab Aeduis et reliquis 
civitatibus sine pericul6 ad sé portàri possent. 

(b) 1. Paucae res praesidio hibernis erunt. 2. Timuit 
né in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret. 3. Ad 
eos defendendos undique conveniunt. 4. Duae legiones, quae 
proxime eonseriptae erant, totum agmen elaudébant praesididque 
impedimentis erant. 5. Eodem tempore equités nostri, cum 
sé in castra reciperent, adversis hostibus occurrebant. 


525. Translate: 

(a) 1. Each advanced for the sake of crossing the river. 
2. We were informed that the war ships had assembled, and 
we went into winter quarters to seek safety. 5. The Romans 
had very many captives. (Hapress im two ways.) 4. I was 
unwilling to meet you. 5. The captives resisted the victors 
very often. 

(b) 1. We thought that Cicero, after calling the senate to- 
gether, had dismissed it. 2. I asked him what he was doing. 
3. The gates were closed, and a garrison being left at the 
camp, we sent men in different directions to seek supplies. 
4. The leaders will show how great a number of war ships has 
been collected. 5. They met the cavalry half way up the 
hill, but did not dare to advance to the attack. 


PHRASES FROM CAESAR 


526. Commit to memory with the translations : 

1. Salütis causà. 2. Hoe proelio nüntiato. 35. His rébus 
gestis. 4. Magno numero interfecto. 5. His nüntiis ac- 
ceptis. 


à LESSON LXVI 


PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS 
Ad captandum vulsus.— To catch the erowd.* 


527. The Active Periphrastic Conjugation denotes im- 
pending action. It is formed by combining the future 
active participle with forms of sum. The present of sum 
is used for the present tense, the imperfect for the imper- 
fect, the present infinitive for the present infinitive, etc. 
The participle agrees with the subject in gender, number, 
and case. 

Caesar was about to announce the battle. Caesar proelium nüntià- 
türus erat. 

The Romans had intended to fight. R6mani pugnatiri fuerant. 


We thought the enemy would come. Existimavimus hostés ven- 
türos esse. 


(a) Conjugate scribo through the Active Periphrastic. 


528. The Passive Periphrastic denotes necessity or that 
which ought to be done. It is formed by combining the 
gerundive with forms of sum. The gerundive agrees with 
the subject in gender, number, and case. 


The soldiers must be sent. Milites mittendi sunt. 
The signal must be given. Signum dandum est. 


(a) Conjugate scribo through the Passive Periphrastic. 


* Compare *'' to play to the gallery." 
192 


PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS 193 


529. VOCABULARY 
facul’tas, -ta/tis, f., opportunity, sta/tu6d, -ere, -ul, -ü'tus, deter- 
ability. mine, decide. 
tempes'tas, -ta'tis, f., storm, bad | magno'pere, (magis, maximé), 
weather. adv., greatly. 
ar'bitror, -a/ri, -à'tus sum, think. — prop'ter, prep. with acc., on ac- 
cohor'tor, -à/ri, -à'tus sum, en- count of. 
courage. statim, adv., immediately. 


530. What Latin words do the following suggest? 


tempest exhort arbitrate faculty 


RULE 


_531. Dative of Agent. — With the Passive Periphrastic 
the dative is used to denote the agent or doer of the action. 


You must give the signal. Signum tibi dandum est.! 
Caesar must announce the battle, or The battie must be announced by 
Caesar. Proelium Caesari nüntiandum est. 


EXERCISES 
532. Translate: 


(a) 1. Statuit sibi Rhénum esse transeundum. 2. Caesari 
omnia tno tempore erant agenda. 3. Magnopere tibi 
plaeitüri fueramus. 4. Aciés instruenda et milites cohortandi 
erant. 5. His rébus addueti-seivimus hiberna Gallorum 
nóbis capienda esse. 

(b) 1. Adverso exercitui occurrunt. 2. Pro ré publica 
fortiter pugnátüri sumus. 3. Propter tempestates difficultas 
nàvigandi maxima est. 4. Arbitráti sumus commeáatum 
ad hiberna statim mittendum esse. 65. Defesso militi 
eius loci, ubi fuerat, relinquendi et sui recipiendi facultàs 
non dabatur. 


1 Notice that all sentences in the active voice must be recast before they 
can be expressed literally by the Passive Periphrastic. 


194 LATIN LESSONS 


533. Translate: 


(a) 1. The gates must often be closed by us for the sake of 
safety. 2. I had intended to give you a better opportunity 
of seeing the beautiful buildings at Rome. 3. Private 
citizens, be an aid to the king. 4. The general set out 
late in the day to encourage the garrison. 5. Our forces 
must be sent across the wide river, the town of the enemy 
must be burned, and their children taken as hostages. 


The Temple of~Apollo in Pompeii. 


(b) 1. The Romans had no good ports. (Two ways.) 
2. We did not dare to meet the Veneti on account of the 
stormy weather, and took the opportunity of retreating into 
port. 3. Having been greatly influenced by the reports 
which he had heard, Caesar determined that he must leave 
the winter quarters immediately. 4. Having advanced many 
miles, we met the Veneti face to face. 5. They had been 
informed that they must drive the enemy from their boundaries 
immediately. 


tia 
La ncn CM 


LESSON LXVII 


IMPERSONAL VERBS 


Nil desperandum.— Never despair.* 


534. An Impersonal Verb! is one which has no personal 
subject; it is used in the third person singular only: 
Licet, -ére, licuit, ?£ 7s permitted. Pluit, it rains. 

1. Verbs that have a clause or an infinitive as subject 
are called impersonal verbs. 


It happened that the night was long. | Accidit ut esset nox longa. 
It is permitted the soldier to do that thing. Id militi facere licet. 


2. Intransitive verbs may be used impersonally in the 


passive. 
Fighting is carried on. Pugnatur. 
He (they, etc.) came, (literally) it was come. Ventum est. 


535. VOCABULARY 


ac'cidO, -ere, ac'cidi, fall, hap- ^ plé'nus, -a, -um, full. 
pen, (impersonal) it happens. vel, conj., or; vel. . . vel, either 


li'cet, -e're, -uit, (impers. with AC TOF, 
dat.) it is permitted. provi'deo, -ére, -vi'dl, -vi'sus, 
lü'na, -ae, f., moon. provide. 


936. What Latin words do the followinó suggest? 


lunatie accident plenipotentiary illieit 


* Horace. Literally: Nothing ought to be despaired of. 
1 Compare § 682. 
195 


196 LATIN LESSONS 


EXERCISES 


537. Translate, explaining the use of each infinitive 
and subjunctive: 


(a) 1. Ab hostibus pugnatum erat. 2. Licet nobis im- 
perátorem bonum sequi. 3. Accidit ut lina pléna esset. 
4. Num suós sécum servos sunt in urbem duetüri? 5. De 
frümento reliquoque commeaàtü erat provisum. 

(b) 1. Acriter in eo locd pugnàtum est. 2. Licet nobis 
bellum eum Germànis gerere. . 3. Deditione facta, obsidibus- 
que acceptis nihil de belló timendum esse _ existimavit. 
4. Quemque domum reverti, optimum videtur. 5. Pugnàtum 
ab hostibus ita acriter est, ut! à viris fortibus in extremà spe 
salütis pugnàri debuit. 


538. Translate: 


(a) 1. It happens that we see a full moon. 2. Caesar 
must not tell who has been conquered. 3. They had two 
hundred buildings. (Hxpress two ways.) 4. Fighting will be 
carried on long and fiercely. 5. It was permitted the gar- 
rison to retreat into the town and close the gates. 

(b) 1. To promise great things is easy. 2. I showed what 
must be done that day. 3. The full moon could be seen. 
4. It was permitted us to collect a fleet. 5. Caesar will 
provide aid for the city. 


VIRGINES VESTALES 


539. Vesta dea erat ROoman6rum, quae igni focoque praeerat. 
Romae fuit Vestae Templum, qué in templo sex virgines Vestalés 
sacrum ignem continenter eüstodiébant. 

Sex annos nàtae virgines hoc ministerio fungi incépérunt, à 
Pontifice Maximo déléetae. "Trigintà annós officiis in templo 
fünetae sunt, tum aut templum relinquere aut manére ibi eis 


! As, see general vocabulary. 


IMPERSONAL VERBS 197 


lieuit. Virgines Vestalés maximo in honore à populo Romàno 
habitae sunt. 

Vestales sacrum ignem cüstodiverunt et cum periculum esset 
eum ad locum tütum portaverunt. Nonnumquam Roma ignem 
extulerunt, né in hostium manüs veniret. 

homàni putàverunt Vestam in Italià primo esse ab Aenea 
cultam, et eum primum virgines Vestales delegisse. 


A Vestal Virgin. 


LESSON LXVIII 


REVIEW OF CASES! 


Bis dat qui cito dat.— He gives twice who gives quickly. 


540. 
. . {| subject of a Finite Verb. § 15. 
ayer | Predicate Noun. $28. 
541. | Possession. $ 2T. 


Genitive | Of the Whole. § 260. 
; | Deseription or Quality. $441. 
Definite Measurement. $441, a. 


Indirect Object. $8560. 


542. After adjectives meaning /ke, unlike, equal, 
unequal, and near. § 230. 
With Adjectives meaning dear, faithful, 
With verbs ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, 
compounded post, prae, pro, sub, super, 
Dative with | circum. § 419. 


With Intransitive Verbs meaning benefit or 
injure, please or displease, command or obey, 
serve or resist, believe or distrust, persuade, 
pardon, envy, threaten, be angry, and the 
like. § 499. 

Agent with Passive Periphrastie. § 581. 

Possessor with sum. § 514. 

Of Purpose. $508. 


| 
friendly, suitable, useful, ete. $269. , 


1 The forms may be reviewed as the teacher sees fit. 
198 


REVIEW OF CASES 199 


EXERCISES 


543. Translate, Siving the construction of each noun 
and pronoun :* | | 

(a) 1. Militibus Caesaris pugnandum est. 2. Maior soro-, 
rum ab omnibus pulchrior habébatur. 3. Caesari id nüntià- 
tum est. 4. Imperator militibus imperávit ut fortiter re- 
sisterent. 5. In miro standi potestàs erat nülli. 

(b) 1. Erat fossa ducentorum pedum in longitüdinem. 
2. Belgis bellum intulerunt. 3. Hic amicus meus est; ille, 
amicus tuus. 4. Equitàtui, quem auxilio Caesari Aedui 
miserant, fortis vir praeerat. 5. His rébus cognitis, explora- 
tores ecenturionesque praemittit, qui locum idoneum castris 
deligant. 


544. Translate: 


(a) 1. The Germans did not have large horses. — (Two ways.) 
2. The Belgians say that they are the bravestof all. 3. The 
fleet was sent as a protection to the city. 4. We met the 
girls in the road. 5. We must take the opportunity not only 
of burning the buildings but also of destroying the grain. 

(b) 1. They did not dare to resist the enemy. 2. For the 
sake of safety they made a wall of ten feet in height. 35. Let 
us persuade the enemy to surrender. 4. The men were like 
their leader in character. 5. He will order the lieutenant to 


send soldiers as aid to our men. 


1 In these review lessons consult the general vocabulary for new words. 


LESSON LXIX 


REVIEW OF CASES 


Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem.— With the sword she 


545. 


Accu- 
sative 


546. 


Abla- 
tive 


seeks calm repose tn freedom.* 


Adverbial. § 382. 

Direct Object. § 16. 

Duration of Time and Extent of Space. § 286. 
Place into, to, toward, near which. § 76. | 
Subject of an Infinitive. $ 3807. 

With prepositions. § 333. 


Absolute. § 463. 

Accompaniment with cum. § 102. 

After a Comparative with quam omitted. § 221. 
Agent with a preposition. § 140. 

Cause without a preposition. $ 195. 

Degree of Difference. §§ 247, 383. 

Manner with or without cum. § 114. 

Means or instrument. §. 65. 

Place in, from, out of which. § 16. 

Quality. § 441. 

Specification without a preposition. § 204. 
Separation with or without a preposition. § 316. 
Time when without a preposition. § 147. 
With prepositions. § 332. 

With verbs ator, fruor, etc. § 375. 


* The motto of Massachusetts. 
200 


« 


. 
ee ee ee ee ee ee LS a 


REVIEW OF CASES 201 


547. 


Loca- | Place in or at. which with names of cities and 
tive | towns, domus, and ris. $ 278. 


548. Vocative. — The vocative is used as the case of ad- 
dress. S 494, a. 


EXERCISES 


549. Translate, Giving the construction of each noun 
and pronoun : 


. 

(a) 1. Plürimum inter eos Romanos et virtüte et hominum 
numero posse sciebant. 2. His verbis auditis, eum ab sé 
dimittit. 3. Haec res latus ünum castrorum ripis flüminis 
müniebat. 4. Galbam cum sex cohortibus praesidio legionibus 
reliquit. 5. Ab his eastris vir, Galba nomine, magna cum 
celeritate octo milia passuum it. 

(b 1. Dux summa virtüte ad bellum à Caesare mittetur. 
2. Medià nocte Caesar isdem ducibus üsus, qui nüntii venerant, 
eos auxilio urbi misit, 3. Decem diébus ante Galba mürum 
defensoribus nüdáverat. 4. Veneti multo potentiores hostibus 
erant. 5. Manere Romae est facillimum. 


550. Translate: 


(a) 1. Friends, do not surrender to the Germans. 2. The 
citizens at Rome wished to please their king. 3. The large 
animals ran out of the woods at daybreak and remained near 
the town all day. 4. Letus use our javelins and deprive the 
city of its defenders. 5. If the leader orders you will set 
out. 

(b) 1. Marcus, surpass the enemy in courage. 2. Caesar 
was informed that the top of the mountain was held by the 
enemy. 3. Caesar with his brave men stormed the town 
with great courage. 4. We followed the cavalry five miles 


202 LATIN LESSONS 


and fought much more bravely than they. 5. After the gates 


had been closed, a message was sent to the general who was 
attacking the town. 


Julius Caesar. 


From a bust in Naples. 


LESSON LXX 


REVIEW OF SUBJUNCTIVES 


Palmam qui meruit ferat.— Let him who deserves it reap the 
reward.* 


991. Causal Clauses. § 471. 
Circumstantial Clauses. § 470.. 
Concessive Clauses. § 472. 

Subjunc- | Conditional Clauses. §§ 478-482. 

tive Indirect Questions. § 402. 
Purpose. § 353. 

Result. $379. 
LVolitive. § 348. 


EXERCISES 

552. Translate, explaining each subjunctive: 

(a) 1. Nolite iüdieàre ne itidicémini. 2. Quid égeris scio. 
3. Caesar, cum aciem instrüxisset, legionibus signum dedit. 
4. Cum domi meae paene interfectus essem, senátum convocavi. 
5. Sifacultàs militibus data esset, àcerrime pugnare ausi essent. 

(b) 1. Cum à tertià hora ad solis occasum pugnátum esset, 
tamen cópiae vietae sunt. — 2. Cum nobis liceat in portum ire, 
quam véloeissime navigémus. 3. Tantis periculis occurrit 
utsalütiscausafugiat. 4. Dux timet ut milites in hostes quam 
plürima pilaiaciant. 5. Si milites cohortéris, fortius pugnent. 


* The motto of Lord Nelson, the victor of Trafalgar. Literally: Let him 
who merits bear the palm. 
203 


204. LATIN LESSONS 


553. Translate: 


(a) 1. He saw in how great peril the camp was. 2. They 
surrender to Caesar, since he is very powerful. 3. When 
Cicero saw the danger, he tried to save the state. 4. He sent 
a man to enlist two legions. 5. Caesar commanded us to 
bring the hostages back. 


The Tomb of Emperor Hadrian at Rome. 


(b) 1. Since their fleet had been taken, they could not defend 
themselves. 2. Let us not send the Gauls under the yoke. 
3. Although we do not understand the movements of the stars, 
nevertheless it pleases us to see them. 4. If the enemy had 
been braver, they would not have sought peace. 5. The army 
was so powerful that it could not be taken. 


C——"r———ÓP— €-— ——— — 


LESSON 


LXXI 


REVIEW OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE 


Finis coronat opus.— The end crowns the work. 


554. In Indirect Discourse a statement is expressed by 


the infinitive; 
clauses, by the subjunctive. 


questions, commands, and subordinate 


If the verb introducing the Indirect Discourse is in a 
principal tense, the subjunctives are generally in principal 
tenses; if it is historical, the subjunctives are generally 


historical. See § 364. 


DIRECT 

Statement: Labor was difficult. 
Labor difficilis erat. 

Question: Why do you come into 
my domain ? 


Cur in meas possessiones 
venis ? 


Command: Return to me. 


| 
x 
Ad mé revertimini. 
Subordinate clause; They went 


because they had been sent. 
Ivérunt quod missi erant. 


INDIRECT 

He said that labor had been difficult. 

Dixit laborem difficilem fuisse. 

Ariovistus responded to Caesar: 
Why did he come into his do- 
main. ! " 

Ariovistus Caesari respondit: 
Cir in suas possessiones 
veniret. 

He replied to the ambassadors that 
they should return to him. 


. Légatis respondit, ad sé rever- 


terentur. 
They said that they had gone be- 
cause they had been sent. 
Dixerunt sé isse quod missi 
essent. 


EXERCISES 


. 9909. Translate, explaining the use of all subjunctives : 
1. Légatis respondit, si quid vellent, ad sé reverterentur. 


€) 


2. Is ita cum Caesare egit: Si pàcem populus Romanus cum 


Helvetiis faceret, in eam partem itüros (esse) atque ibi futüros 


) 


206 LATIN LESSONS 


(esse) Helvétids, ubi Caesar constituisset atque esse voluisset. 
3. A quibus eum paucorum dierum iter abesset, legati ab his 
venerunt, quorum haee fuit oràtio: Germanos neque priores 
populo Romano bellum inferre neque tamen rectisare, si laces- 
santur, quin armis contendant, quod Germanorum consuétidd 
sit à maioribus tradita quicumque bellum inferant, resistere 
neque déprecari. 4. Haee tamen dicere, venisse invitos, eiectos 
dom6; si suam gràtiam Romani velint, posse iis ütiles esse 
amicos; vel sibi agrós attribuant vel patiantur eds tenére, quós 
armis posséderint; sésé ünis Suébis concédere, quibus ne dii 
quidem immortalés pares esse possint. 


The Colosseum at Rome. 


While stands the Colosseum, Rome shall stand, 
When falls the Colosseum, Rome shall fall, 
And when Rome falls — the World. 
— Byron, Childe Harold. 


Zar 
h A 


APPENDIX 


ENGLISH AND LATIN 


AN ENGLISH-LATIN LETTER 


556. Few students realize how constantly Latin enters 
into almost everything they do. The following was writ- 
ten by a business man — a firm believer in Latin — to 
illustrate this fact to a doubting pupil. 


* Latin is a great help in everything we study. In Book- 
keeping, it is much easier to understand debit and credit if we 
know their derivation; in Algebra, it shows us without a rule 
the difference between identity and equation ; in Geometry, 
Q. E. D. (quod erat demonstrandum) is much easier to say than 
which was to be proven. ln Botany, Agriculture, and nearly 
all the Sciences, most of the names come from the Latin (or 
Greek), while it is impossible to get so much out of History 
and German without Latin, as with it. 

“But in English — the most everyday. practical study of 
all — Latin helps us most. We cannot get away from it. If 
we know Latin, we never misspell separate, preparation, pre- 
cedence, laudable, and so. on. Consciously or unconsciously we 
use it all the time, not only indirectly in fully half the words 
we speak or write, but directly as well. We see a football 
poster : 


High School versus Academy 
Game called at 5 Pw. 


Do we know the italicized words? In the game only bona 
207 


208 LATIN LESSONS 


Jide students are allowed to play; others are unfit to repre- 
sent our Alma Mater. We go to the game and pay our money 
(which has e pluribus unum stamped on it) to the manager, 
who is ex officio gate-keeper. Our team beats the other (or 
vice versa) and the captain makes an ex tempore speech. We 
pretend the other team is dead, and we hold a post mortem 
celebration, parading the streets with a big banner with a fac- 
simile of the rival school marked In Memoriam and Requiescat 
in Pace. 

“Tf the principal opposes athletics, we may argue pro 
and con(tra), urging a referendum to the students. A single 
lapsus linguae may spoil our case in toto. We may use an 
effective a priori argument, or say there is prima facie evi- 
dence that football is a good thing; but if we fail to make our 
point, things remain in statu quo, the principal gives his ulti- 
matum, and we make our ewit. 

* And so I could go on ad infinitum by talking of fiat money, 
ad valorem tariff duties, ex post facto laws, and ante bellum 
days, when the per capita income of the country was less per 
annum than it is now. But you ought to be studying your 
Latin, instead of reading this about it, so I will stop.” 


L4 


LATIN IN SCIENCE 


557. Below are given a few of the Latin words in sci- 
ence and mathematies. 


Agriculture : agriculture, horticulture, florieulture, arable, 
cereal, biennial, perennial, stamen, corolla, calyx, fungus. 


Biology : animal, quadruped, centipede, nares, pelvis, pec- 
tus, vertebra, tibia, femur, digit, cuticle, antennae, pulmonary, 
maxilla, mammal. 


Mathematics : plus, minus, exponent, coefficient, transpose, 
subtract, subtrahend, minuend, dividend, divisor, multiplicand, 
multiplier, decimal, unit, radius, digit, radical. 


| 
| 


APPENDIX 209 


STATE MOTTOES 


558. Many States have Latin mottoes some of which 
have already appeared in the Lessons. 


Ad astra per aspera . . . OCCUR ansds 
Animis opibusque parati eee spiro spero . South Carolina 
Codaut atupotogde re ruo ee Wyoming 
Dres SUndON Eo ke cce i Ie New Mexico 
DIOE ORTU siae Ae E ras eo ^" Mame 
DiabDuus e P EN same ce rex C ARIZONA 

E pluribus unum... , i. +s "United States 
Ense petit placidam sub Gnas indien . Massachusetts 
Hcabunr c Eee et er Pl tite Ww oP. fees New, York 
Justitia omnibus . . . . . . . . District of Columbia 
Montanisemperliberi : . . . . . . . West Virginia 
Piameineniaininen DL Wu omues Ll X Colorado 

Om manstuliesustmet. 10:7 227 s. Connecticut 
Regnant ae Qon iue Span ee ee VAT Kansas 
DAlvo S eos ater wcrNLdaho 

Salus populi suprema E e ast M TdsOU TE 

Seuto bonae voluntatis tuae coronasti nos. . Maryland 

Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice. Michigan 

BIG Semper, byralDIses-. de s V. 7o. "Virginia 


LATIN WORDS IN THE CONSTITUTION 


559. Note the large proportion of words derived from 
the Latin.! : 


Preamble to the Constitution 


We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, pro- 
vide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, secure 


1Selections from English Classics with which the student is familiar 
may be treated in the same way. 


210 LATIN LESSONS 


the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain 
and establish this constitution for the United States of America. 


LATIN PHRASES 


560. Below is a partial list of familiar Latin phrases, 
some of which have already appeared in the mottoes of . 
the lessons. 


Ad finem Excelsior | 
Ad infinitum Exeunt | 
Ad modum Exit | 
Ad nauseam Ex officio : 
Ad referendum Ex post facto | 
Ad valorem Ex tempore | 
Alias Ex voto | 
Alibi Facsimile 
Alma Mater Fiat 
Alter ego Fiat lux 
Ante bellum Gloria in excelsis . 
Aqua vitae Habeas corpus 
Bona fide In armis 
Carthago delenda est In esse 
Cave canem In extremis * 
Ceteris paribus Infra dignitatem (infra dig.) 
Corpus Christi In memoriam 
De gustibus non disputan- In pace 

dum In posse 
De novo In situ 
Deo, amicis, patriae In statu quo 
Deo volente or Volente deo Inter nos 
Deus vobiscum In toto 
Dramatis personae Ipse dixit 
Dux femina facti | Ipso facto 
Ecce homo Ita lex scripta-est 


E pluribus unum Labor omnia vincit 


APPENDIX 2T 


Lapsus linguae 
Lapsus memoriae 
Lares et Penates 
Laus Deo 

Lex non seripta 
Lex terrae 

Mea culpa 

Mens sana in eorpore sano 
Meum et tuum 
Mirabile dictu 
Modus operandi 
Morituri salutamus 
Multum in parvo 
Ne plus ultra 
Nolens volens 

Non eompos mentis 
Nulli secundus 
Omnia ad Dei gloriam 
Pater noster 

Pater patriae 

Pax vobiscum 

Per annum 

Per capita 

Per diem 

Per se 

Post mortem 

Prima facie 


Pro bono publico 
Pro et con 

Pro rata 

Pro tempore 

Quid nunc 
Requieseat in pace 
hes gestae 
Semper fidelis 
Sine die 

Sine dubio 

Sine qua non 

Sui generis 
Summum bonum 
Te Deum laudamus 
Tempus fugit 
Terra firma 

Una voce 
Ultimatum 

Vade mecum 
Veni, vidi, vici 
Versus 

Via 

Vice versa 

Vivat rex 

Vivat res publica 
Viva voce 

Vox populi, vox Dei 


561. ABBREVIATIONS FROM LATIN WORDS 


A.D.— Anno Domini 

Aet. — Aetàtis 

A.M. — Ante meridiem ; 
Artium Magister 

- A. U.C. — Ab urbe condita 

e.g. — exempli gratia 


etc. — et cetera 

l.e.— id est 

I.H.S.— In hoc signo; 
Iesus hominum salvator 

I.N.R.I. — Iesus Nazarenus 
hex Iüdaeorum 


212 LATIN LESSONS 


N.B. — Notà bene S.P.Q.R. — Senaàtus Popu- 
P.M. — Post meridiem lusque Romanus 
P.S. — Post scriptum VS. — versus. 


LATIN QUOTATIONS 


562. Quotations from the Latin are constantly met in 
reading, and in the speech of many people. Below are 
given some of the best known, many of which have 
already appeared’ in the Lessons. 


Alea jacta est. — Caesar at the Rubicon. The die is cast. 

Ave Caesar! Morituri te salutant. — Gladiators in the Arena. 
Hail Caesar, those about to die salute thee. 

Carpe diem. — Horace. Seize the opportunity. 

Cui bono ? — Cicero. What's the good ? (See $ 508.) 

Cum grano salis. — Pliny. With a grain of salt. 

De mortuis nil nisi bonum (bene). — Diogenes Laertius. Of the 
dead nothing but good (should be spoken or said). 

Diem perdidi. — Titus. I have lost a day. 

Dira necessitas. — Horace. Dire necessity. 

. Disjecta membra. — Horace. Scattered members (parts). 

Docendo discitur. — Seneca. We learn by teaching. 

^ Eheu fugaces anni!— Horace. Alas, the fleeting years! 

Errare humanum est. — Seneca. To err is human. 

Factum fieri infectum non potest. — Terence. You can't undo 
what's done. 

Facilis descensus Averno.— Virgil. The descent to Avernus 
is easy. 

Festina lente. — Augustus in Suetonius. Make haste slowly. 

Fortes fortuna adjuvat.— Terence. Fortune favors the brave. 

Finis coronat opus. — Ovid. The end crowns the work. 

Fortuna caeca est.— Cicero. Fortune is blind. 

Hine illae laerimae. — Terence. Hence those tears. 

In hoe signo vinces. — Constantine. In this sign (the cross) 
thou wilt conquer. 


APPENDIX 213 


In medias res. — Horace. Into the midst of things. 

Ipse dixit. — Cicero. He said it himself. 

Labor omnia vincit. — Virgil. Work conquers everything. 
Laudator temporis acti. — Horace. A praiser of times gone by. 
Licentia poetica. — Seneca. Poetic license. 

Lupus in fabula. — Terence. The wolf in the fable. 


In medio tutissimus ibis. — Ovid. You will go safest in the 
middle. 
Mens sana in eorpore sano. — Juvenal. A sound mind in a 


sound body. 

Nec possum tecum vivere, nec sine te. —- Martial. I can’t live 
with you, nor without you. 

Nil homini certum est.— Ovid. Nothing is sure to man. 

Nomen et omen. — Plautus. The name and the portent. 

Non omnia possumus omnes.— Lucilius. We can’t all do 
everything. f 

Non omnis moriar.— Horace. I shall not wholly perish. 

(Astra castra) Numen lumen. — Motto of Univ. of Wisconsin. 
(The stars my camp) God my light. 

Omnia mutantur. — Ovid. All things change. 

O tempora! O mores!— Cicero. Oh the times! Oh the 
customs ! 

Pares cum paribus facillime congregantur. — Cicero. Birds of 
a feather flock together. 

Per aspera ad astra. — Seneca. To the stars through bolts and 
bars. (Compare § 558.) 

Periculum in mora. — Livy. Danger in delay. 

Potior est, qui prior est. — Terence. First come first served, or 
The early bird catches the worm. 

Quod erat demonstrandum. — Huclid. Which was to be 
proved. 

Quot homines, tot sententiae. — T'erence. As many opinions 
as people. 

Rara avis.— Horace. A rare bird. 

Requiescat in pace. Let him rest in peace. 


214 LATIN LESSONS 


Roma aeterna. — Tibullus. Rome the eternal. 

Semper idem. — Cicero. Always the same. 

Summa summarum.— Plautus. The top of the tops (The 
height of everything). 

Suum cuique. — Cicero. To every one his own. 

Tempus edax rerum.— Ovid. ‘Time, the devourer of (all) 
things. 

Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes.— Virgil. I fear the Greeks 
even when bringing gifts. 

Ultima Thule. — Virgil. The farthest land. 

Vae victis. — Livy. Woe to the vanquished ! 

Vanitas vanitatum et omnia vanitas. — Hcclesiastesi, 2. Vanity 
of vanities, allis vanity. 

Veni, vidi, viel. — Caesar. I came, saw, conquered. 

Vires acquirit eundo. — Virgil. It gains strength as it goes. 

Virginibus puerisque. — Horace. For girls and boys. 

Vita brevis, ars longa.— Hippocrates. Life is short, art long. 


215 
FLEVIT LEPUS PARVULUS 


16th Century Student Song 


1. Fle-vit le -pus par-vu- lus cla-mans al - tis vo - ci - bus: 
2. Ne-que in hor-to fu - i, ne-que o-]lus co- me- di. 
3. Lon-gas au-res ha-be-o, bre-vem cau-dam te - ne - o. 


a > -— 
zi m. 5-2 
PR 
Ex [CE RS e 
€- v 


ca - ni - bus? 


— m T rs 
LEE] 
MEET M EE 3 
EGRE NEAR 1-1 2 es Ve iH 
— 
s. a com 2 zp2 a s.s 
. oe oe oe ———. oo 5 ges aes 


Quid fe - ci ho-mi- ni- bus, quod me se-quun-tur ca - ni- bus? 


€——e——— 2 e —-—£ 
[ae we P — 


4. Leves pedes habeo, magnum saltum facio. Quid etc. 


5. Domus mea silva est, lectus meus durus est. Quid etc. 


For new words in the songs on pages 215, 216 and 217, see General Vocabulary. 


216 
DIES FESTUS HODIE 


C. M. Von WEBER, 1826 


à — : a ee ee 
co pee ee ee EeEERT ES 
mee 


I. Tem-pus hoc lae - ti - ti - ae! Di-es fes-tus ho- di - e! 
2. Sti-lus nam,et ta- bu- lae. Fe-r a- les e - pu - lae, 
3. Quic-quid a-gant a - li - i  Iu- ve-nes a- me - mus 
NUES dex pl cp Uti dede EE 
- -—— w—---9 -  —.-- -e —e [- -——L—— 
Euqpe—t0 stare [f + Ee RSS 
| | 
Ecrire Acre = 
= ator ae fie Be SS x 
«T ? <2 Ga See murs 
xp de-bentpsal-le - re, Can - ti - le - nas pro- me- re: 
Et Na-soó -nis car- mi - na Vel- auc- to -rum' pa- gi - na. 
Et cum tur - ba plu - ri - mum Lu - dum ce-le - bre - mus. 
“| be- 
-e- Py w—- -»- te — = Le £f . vec at 
E de ea e 2—.— a : cR 
eS SS SE SS SS Se 
[pou [ ; iu Jewel Tae TM 
& 


DOMINE SALVAM FAC 


CHARLES GOUNOD 
ji 


I 
vegas E Ham = a xiB--— fps 812333 
a) 
Do-mi-ne, sal-vamfac pa - tri-am nos-tram A - me-ri-cam, 
ra | 
bot. A e-9 ut = 
Spec Pp Segre Pp pple 
sb > m 
oe Se gaa 
et ex-au- di nos in di-e quá in- vo-ca-ve-ri- mus te. 


apt ioma vie 


GAUDEAMUS 


9 


dd 


17 


IGITUR 
Student Song 


=e ge E 


zi e RECTUS LI = Ez 


as v 


I. Gau- de - a - mus 3 - nd :Ju- ve-nes dum su- mus; 
2. U - bi sunt, qui an - te nos In mun-do fu - e - re? 
3. Vi - ta nos- tra bre- vis est Bre - vi fi - ni - e - tur, 
es 2e Adve ES ei) eat ES, 
Soe oS See a eu 
oo 
ET E Are oc 
aS x= gg eg rt 
9———-9 = @ eo - 
- Er [ 
Gau-de -a - mus i - gi-tur, Ju - ve-nes dum su-mus; 
U - bi sunt, qui an - te nos In mun-do fu e re? 
Vi - ta nos - tra bre - vis est Bre ervi 'fivs ni e - .tur, 


c ER d IR] RE HII 
- - z I——9 —— 
SSS L3 p. ee t = = = * E—g—1-] 
AEN z LN ^ AN 
— —— 9 -»—2— 8 | "3 2s—9— —9 
poor nro Lr 
Post ju-cun-dam ju- ven-tu- tem, RE mo-les-tam se-nec-tu- tem, 
Tran-se-as ad  su-pe- ros, - be-as . ad in- fe - ros, 
Ve - nit mors ve - lo- ci - ter, me pit nos a -tro - ci - ter, 
| ^ | | | | 
2 —a— ae os e g—9— —1 
Wand ucc EE E: 
- aq v —-- e—— — Eo oa 
Rub T MN EUM 1 
—— @—4—--.4=>4 g poe Ri - rer — 
— * 2 
Ee Brea Se qu ure 
ES ATA s [: p [ A TAA 
bit hu mus, Nos ha-be - bit hu mus. 
vi de res Quos SSL vis?» ^v = de re. 
par - ce tur, Ne- mi-ni  par- Poe tur 


E 


— 


4. Alma mater floreat, 

Quae nos educavit, 
Caros et commilitones, 

Dissitas in regiones 
Sparsos, congregavit. 


CANI I ee 


S. Vivat et re publica 
Et qui illam regit, 
Vivat nostra civitas, 
Maecenatum caritas, 
Qua nos hic protegit. 


218 
INTEGER VITAE 


Horace, Ode xxii F. FLEMMING, 1810 
ee I | = Se 
| 4 Se ee 4 J- —| 
Ss a @ 
ee Be er eee ee e s 
LX Da te - ger vi te, sce-- le = ns-quew pu. --rue 
2) 5r VO w= pers qoyrscvtes Dia ter. °° oS POOL 0 gsm eas, 
3. Nam- que me sil - va lu - pus in Quit A "Obi —-- na, 
pl ——== 
—___|____|__| __j_-—_, Tec pe. [ak keene ee a 
PUE Iq Um 
— — — aes r — 
ceres Se VR NA I-— == 
zm a eee m z 2 . E = m 
WE d elie s-pEo P RO PIE * 
[ [au | 
Non .e- get .Mau -ri  jac-u-lis nec ar - cu, Nec. ve - ne- 
Si - ve fac- tu - rs per in-hos-pi - ta -lem Cau - ca-sum, 
Dum me-am can- to La-la-gen, et ul- ee Dere= T sae num 
——— L—— ee 
= ] + a EE + 
PA ae 3: a4 
Za aa oe} Ez ena men be Sn, eae E—R E 
Ce m IPM TUAE ea -—£ rd REEL e 
— oo 
egos = N | IM ——— o 
C] Ss ——X— e = 
d 4 i 4 —— = o— 
= -4.—9 «y oo -— -£ ULT EMT AC ITUR 
pr^niiiing eu cn deg 
na - tis gra-vi-da sa -gi - tis Fus - ce, pha-re - tra. 
vel que lo -ca.fa-bu-lo - sus Lam-bit Hy- das - pes. 
cu - rs va-gor ex-pe.- di- =) tis, " Fu- ELE in - er - mem. 
Se 


eee i x 
ZS iE = Se 


The pure in life and free from crime needs no Moorish darts nor bow, 
nor, my Fuscus, a quiver laden with poisoned arrows, whether he means to 
journey over the boiling Syrtes, or over the inhospitable Caucasus, or the 
places laved by storied Hydaspes. For from me, whilst singing my Lalagé 
in my Sabine wood, and roving beyond its bound with cares cast aside, there 
fled a wolf, unarmed as I was. 


Translated by WILLIAM CouTTs, 


APPENDIX 219 
INFLECTIONS 
NOUNS 
563. First DECLENSION 
Tuba, f., trumpet. 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
Nom. tuba tubae 
Gen. tubae - tubarum 
Dat. tubae - tubis 
Ace. tubam tubas 
ABI. tuba tubis 
564. Second DEcLENSION 
Amicus,m., Puer,m. Ager,m., Vir, m, Bellum, n. 
friend. boy: field. man. war. 
SINGULAR 
Nom. amicus puer ager vir bellum 
Gen. amici pueri agri viri belli 
Dat. amico puero agro viró bello 
Ace. amicum puerum agrum virum bellum 
Abl. amico puero agro viró bello 
PLURAL 
Nom. amici pueri agri viri bella 
' Gen. amicórum  puerórum agrorum  virórum bellorum 
Dat. amicis pueris agris viris bellis 
Acc. amicos pueros agros viros bella 
Abl. amicis pueris agris viris bellis 
965. Turgp DECLENSION 
Cónsul, m., Miles, m., Fràter, nm. Flimen, n. 
consul. soldier. brother. river. 
SINGULAR 
Nom. consul miles frater flamen 
Gen. consulis militis fratris Huminis 
Dat. consuli militi fratri flumini 
Ace. consulem militem fratrem fiumen 
ABL. consule milite fratre flumine 


220 


Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 


Acc. 
Abl. 


Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 


Acc. 
Abl. 


Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 


Acc. 
AM. 


566. 


Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 
ADI. 


consulés 
consulum 
consulibus 
consulés 
consulibus 


Ignis, m., 


fire. 


ignis 
ignis 
igni 
ignem 
igni, -e 


ignés 
ignium 
ignibus 
ignis, -és 
ignibus 


PLURAL 
milités 
militum 
militibus 
milités 
militibus 


Mare, n., 
sea. 


SINGULAR 


mare 
maris 
mari 
mare 
mari 


PLURAL 


maria 
marium 
maribus 
maria 
maribus 


LATIN LESSONS 


FourtH DECLENSION 


Exercitus, m., 
army. 


SINGULAR 


exercitus 
exercitüs 
exercitui 
exercitum 
exercitü 


PLURAL 


exerceitüs 


exercituum 


exercitibus 
exercitis 
exercitibus 


fratrés flumina 
fratrum flaminum 
fratribus fluminibus 
fratres flumina 
fratribus fluminibus 
Hostis, m., f., Urbs, f., 
enemy. city. 
hostis urbs 
hostis urbis 

hosti urbi 

hostem urbem 
hoste urbe 
hostés urbés 
hostium urbium 
hostibus urbibus 
hostis, -6s ^ urbis, -és 
hostibus urbibus 

Cornü, n., 

horn. 

SINGULAR PLURAL 
cornü cornua 
cornüs cornuum 
cornü cornibus 
cornü cornua 
cornü cornibus 


567. 


Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 


Ace. 
Abl. 


568. 


Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 
ABI. 


Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Acc. 
Abl. 


969. 


Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Acc. 
ADI. 


APPENDIX 


221 


FirtH DECLENSION 
Diés, m., Res, f., 
day. thing. 
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL 
dies diés rés rés 
diéi diérum rei rérum 
diéi diébus rei rébus 
diem diés rem rés 
dié diébus ré rebus 
IRREGULAR DECLENSIONS 
Deus, m., Dea, f., Domus, f., Vis ot. 
god. goddess. house. force, strength. 
SINGULAR 
deus dea domus vis 
dei deae domis, -i 
ded deae domui, -6 
deum deam domum vim 
deo dea dom6, -ü vi 
PLURAL 
dei, dii, di deae domüs virés 
deorum, deum | dearum domuum,- -Oórum virium 
deis, dijs, dis deabus domibus viribus 
deos deàs domos, -üs viris, -és 
deis, diis, dis — deabus domibus viribus 
ADJECTIVES 
First AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 
Bonus, good. 
SINGULAR 
MASC. FEM. NEUT. 
bonus bona bonum 
boni bonae boni 
bond bonae bond 
bonum bonam bonum 
bond bona bons 


Do LATIN LESSONS 


PLURAL 
MASC. FEM. NEUT. 
Nom. boni bonae bona 
Gen. bonorum bonarum bonórum 
Dat. bonis bonis bonis 
Ace. bonos bonas bona 
ADI. bonis bonIs bonis 
570. THIRD DECLENSION — THREE ENDINGS 
Acer, sharp. 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. 
Nom. acer acris acre acrés acrés acria 
Gen. acris acris acris — acrium acrium Acrium 
Dat. | acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus 
Acc.  ücrem acrem acre acris (6s) ^ acris (68) acria 
Abl. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus 
571: 'Turgp. DECLENSION — Two ENDINGS 


Fortis, brave. 


SINGULAR PLURAL 

M. AND F. NEUT. M. AND F. NEUT. 
Nom. fortis forte fortés fortia 
Gen. fortis fortis fortium fortium 
Dat. forti forti fortibus fortibus 
tee fortem forte fortis (8s) fortia 
ABI. forti forti fortibus fortibus 

512. THIRD DECLENSION—ONE ENDING 


Poténs, powerful. 


SINGULAR 
M. AND F. NBUT. 
Nom. , potens ! potens 
Gen. potentis potentis 
Dat. potenti potenti 
Acc. potentem potens 


ADI. potenti, -e potenti, -e 


APPENDIX 200 


PLURAL 
M. AND F. | NEUT. 
Nom. potentes j potentia 
Gen. potentium potentium 
Dat. potentibus potentibus 
Ace: potentés, -1s potentia 
Abl. potentibus potentibus 
573. DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES 


Melior, better. 


SINGULAR PLURAL 

M. AND F. NEUT. M. AND F. NEUT. 
Nom. melior melius meliores meliora 
Gen. melioris melioris meliorum meliorum. 
Dat. meliori meliori melioribus melioribus 
Acc. meliorem melius meliores (is) meliora 
Abl. meliore meliore melioribus melioribus 

514. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 
Alius, another. Unus, one. 
SINGULAR 

MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. 
Nom. alius alia aliud ünus üna unum 
Gen. alius alius alius unius ünius unius 
Dat. alii alii alii uni uni uni 
Acc. alium aliam aliud ünum ünam ünum 
Abl. alio alia alio uno una uno 


The plural is regular, of the First and Second Declensions. 


575. Duo, two. Trés, three. 
MASC, FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. 
Nom. duo duae duo trés irés iria 
Gen. duorum duarum duorum trium trium trium 
Dat. duobus duabus duóbus tribus tribus tribus 
Acc. duos, duo duas duo tris (trés) tris (trés) tria 


Abl. dudbus duabus duobus _ tribus tribus tribus 


224 


576. 


POSITIVE 


fortis 
velox 
miser 
acer 


577. 


POSITIVE 


bonus, good 
malus, bad 
magnus, great 
parvus, small 
multus, much 
multum, much 
multi, many 
senex, old 
luvenis, young 
idoneus, suitable 
exterus, outer 
inferus, low 
posterus, hinder 
superus, high 


(cis, citra) 
(in, intra) 
(prae, pro) 
(prope) 
(ultra) 


facilis 
difficilis 
similis 
dissimilis 
gracilis 
humilis 


LATIN LESSONS 


COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 


COMPARATIVE 
fortior 
velocior 
miserior 
acrior 


IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 


COMPARATIVE 


melior 
peior 
maior 
minor 


plus 
plures 


senior (maior nati) 
iunior (minor nati) 


magis idoneus 
exterior 
inferior 
posterior 
superior 


citerior, hither 
interior, inner 
prior, former 
propior, nearer 
ulterior, farther 


facilior 
difficilior 
similior 
dissimilior 
gracilior 
humilior 


SUPERLATIVE 


fortissimus 
velocissimus | 
miserrimus 
acerrimus 


SUPERLATIVE 

optimus 

pessimus 

maximus 

minimus 

plurimus 

plurimum 

plurimi 

maximus natü 
minimus nati 
maximé idoneus 
extrémus or extimus 
infimus or imus 
postrémus or postumus 
suprémus or summus 


OO a 


citimus 
intimus 
primus 
proximus 
ultimus 


facillimus 
difficillimus 
simillimus 
dissimillimus 
gracillimus 
humillimus 


APPENDIX 225 
578. CoMPARISON OF ADVERBS 
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE 
late (latus) latius latissimé 
pulchré (pulcher) pulchrius pulcherrimé 
miseré (miser) miserius miserrimé 
fortiter (fortis) fortius fortissimé 
acriter (acer) acrius acerrimé 
facile (facilis) facilius facillimé 
bene (bonus) melius optimé 
male (malus) peius pessimé 
magnopere (magnus) magis maximé 
parum (parvus) minus minimé 
diu diutius diutissime 
219. NUMERALS 
CARDINALS ORDINALS 
‘1. anus, -a, -um primus, -a, -um 
2. duo, duae, duo secundus 
3. trés, tria tertius 
4. quattuor quartus 
5. quinque quintus 
6. sex sextus 
7. septem septimus 
8. octo octavus 
9. novem nonus 
10. decem decimus 
11. undecim undecimus 
12. duodecim duodecimus 
18. tredecim tertius decimus 
14. quattuordecim quàrtus decimus 
15. quindecim quintus decimus 
16. sedecim sextus decimus 
17. septendecim septimus decimus 
18. duodeviginti duodevicesimus 
19. undeviginti ündevicesimus 
20. viginti vicesimus 
21. viginti unus vicesimus primus 


(ünus et viginti) 


226 LATIN LESSONS 


CARDINALS ORDIN ALS 
29. undetrigintà üundetricesimus 
30. triginta tricésimus 
40. quadraginta quadrügesimus 
50. quinquaginta quinquagesimus 
60. sexaginta sexagesimus 
70. septuaginta septuágesimus 
80. octoginta octogesimus 
90. nonaginta nonagesimus 
100. centum centesimus 
200. ducent, -ae, -a ducentésimus 
300. trecenti trecentesimus 
400. quadringenti quadringentesimus 
500. quingenti quingentesimus 
600. sescenti sescentesimus 
700. septingenti septingentesimus 
800. octingenti octingentesimus 
900. nongenti nóngentesimus 
1000. mille millesimus 
2000. duo milia bis millésimus 
PRONOUNS 
580. . PERSONAL 
FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON THIRD PERSON 
Ego, 7. Ta, you (thou). Is, he ; ea, she; 
id, it. 
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL For declension 
Nom. ego nos tu vos see § 582. 
: nostruin : vestrum 
Gen. mei |nosto tui ae 
Dat. mihi nobis tibi vobis 
Acc. me nos te vos 


Abl. mé nobis te vobis 


APPENDIX 227 


§81. REFLEXIVE 


FIRST PERSON | SECOND PERSON 
Mei, of myself. — Tui, of yourself (thyself). 


These are declined like the personal pronoun of the same person, 
xcept that they have no nominative. 


THIRD PERSON 


Sui, of himself, herself, itself. 


SINGULAR PLURAL 
Gen. sui sul 
Dat. sibi sibi 
Acc. Se or sesé Se or sese 
Aol. sé or sesé Se or sése 
582. DEMONSTRATIVE 
Hic, this. 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
MASC. PEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. 
Nom. hic haec hoe hi hae haee 
Gen. huius huius huius horum harum horum 
Dat. huic huic huic his his his 
Ace. hune - hane hoe hos hàs haec 
Abl. hac hàc hoe his his his 


Ille, that. 


SINGULAR PLURAL 
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. 
Nom. ille illa illud ill illae illa 
Gen. ilius illius illius ilorum illarum illorum 
Dat: MT illi illi illis illis illis 
Acc. ilum illam illud illos illas illa 


Abl. illo illà illo illis illis illis 


228 


LATIN LESSONS : 


Iste, that, that of yours. 


Ipse, self. 


SINGULAR 
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. 
fom. iste ista istud ipse ipsa ipsum 
Gen. istius istius — istius ipsius ipsius ipsius 
Dat.  isü isti isti ipsi ipsi ipsi 
Acc. istum istam istud ipsum ipsam ipsum 
Abl. isto ista isto ipso ipsa ipso 
The plural is regular. 
Is, that, he. 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
MASC. FEM.  NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. 
Nom. is ea id ii (i), ei eae ea 
Gen. eius eius eius eorum earum eorum 
IBY ge ass ei ei lis (is), eis lis (is), eis iis (is), eis 
Acc. eum eam id eos eas ea 
Abl. eo ea eo lis (18), eis iis (is), eis iis (is), eis 
Idem, same. 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. 
idem 
Nom. idem eadem idem (üdem), eaedem eadem 
eidem 
Gen. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem 
Dat. eidem ^ eidem . eidem isdem (iisdem), eisdem 
Acc. eundem eandem idem eosdem easdem eadem 
Abl. eodem eadem eddem isdem (iisdem), eisdem 
583. RELATIVE 
Qui, who, which, that. 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. 
Nom. qui quae quod qui quae quae 
Gen. cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum 
Dat? Witoul eui cui quibus quibus quibus 
Acc. quem quam quod quos quas quae 
Abl. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus 


EE 


APPENDIX. 229 
984. INTERROGATIVE 
Quis, who? 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
M. AND F. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. 
Nom. quis quid qui quae quae 
Gen. cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum 
Dat. cui cui quibus quibus quibus 
Ace. quem quid quos qu&s quae 
Abl. quo quo quibus quibus quibus 
Qui, what, is declined like the relative qui. 
585. INDEFINITE 
Aliquis, some one. 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
M. AND F. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. 
Nom. aliquis aliquid aliqui aliquae aliqua 
Gen. alicuius alicuius aliquorum | aliquarum aliquorum 
Dat. alicui alicui aliquibus — aliquibus aliquibus 
Acc. aliquem aliquid aliquos aliquas aliqua 
Abl. aliquo aliquo aliquibus — aliquibus — aliquibus 


The adjective is aliqui, aliqua, aliquod. 


VERBS 


586. Errst CONJUGATION 


PRINCIPAL PARTS: porto, portàre, portavi, portatus. 


STEMS: porta-, portav-, portat-. 


Active Voice Passive Voice 


INDICATIVE 


: PRESENT - 


I carry, am carrying, etc. I am carried, etc. 


porto portamus portor portamur 
portas portatis portaris (-re) portamini 
portat portant portatur portantur 


230 LATIN LESSONS 


Active Voice 


I carried, was carrying, etc. 


portabam . portábamus 
portabas portabatis 
portabat portabant 


I shall carry, etc. 


portabo portabimus 
portabis portabitis 
portabit portabunt 


I have carried, I carried, etc. 


Passive Voice 
IMPERFECT 


I was carried, etc. 


portabar portabamur 

portabaris (-re) portabamini 

portabatur portabantur 
FUTURE 

I shall be carried, etc. 

portabor portabimur 

portaberis (-re) portabimini 

portabitur portabuntur 
PERFECT 


I have been (was) carried, etc. 


portavi portavimus pe ale m tate sumus 
portavisti portavistis ( a, um) (ee a) estis 
portavit portavérunt (-ére) est ; sunt 


I had carried, etc. 


portaveram portaveramus 


portaveras portaveratis 
portaverat portaverant 


PLUPERFECT 


I had been carried, etc. 


A ram ... | eramus 
portatus .. portàáti £2 
ME -um) (-ae a) eratis 
Nee erat 4 erant 


FUTURE PERFECT 


I shall have carried, etc. 


portaáveroó portaverimus 
portáveris | portáaveritis 
portáverit portaverint 
portem portémus 
portés portétis 
portet portent 


I shall have been carried, etc. 


erimus 
portatus portati X 
(-a nm eris (-ae, -a) eritis 
: | erit | erunt 
SUBJUNCTIVE | 
NM 
PRESENT 
porter portémur 
portéris (-re) portémini 
portétur portentur 


ll ti i i 


APPENDIX 231 
Active Voice Passive Voice 
IMPERFECT 
portarem portarémus portarer portarémur 
portarés portarétis portaréris (-re) portarémini 
portaret portarent portarétur portarentur 
PERFECT 
portáverim portaverimus A i ue tati simus 
Ines DTI L = or Ly 
portáveris portaveritis ( AAA : 25/13) sitis 
portaverit ^ portaverint : | sit : sint 
PLUPERFECT 
portávissem portavissémus tatus | essem tati essemus 
REM E SAP orta 3 or UE 
portávissés portavissétis ( um) esses Cas a) essetis 
a oa -a, -um CY yes 
portávisset portavissent j | esset ; essent 
IMPERATIVE 
PRESENT 


Carry thou, ete. 
2d porta : portate 


FUTURE 
T'hou shalt carry. 

2d portats 

3d portato 


portatote 
portanto 


INFINITIVE 


PRES. portare, to carry. 
PERF. portavisse, to have carried. 
FUT. 


to carry. ried. 


PARTICIPLES 
PRES. portans, -antis, carrying. 
FUT. portattirus, -a, -um, about 
to carry. 


2d portare 


Be thou carried, etc. 


portamini 


Thou shalt be carried. 
2d portator 
9d portator 


portantor 


portari, to be carried. 
portatus esse, to have been carried. 
portatirus esse, to be about portatum iri, to be about to be car- 


PERF. portatus, -a, -um, having 
been carried. 


208 LATIN 


Active Voice 


GERUND 


Gen. portandi, of carrying. 


LESSONS 


Passive Voice 


GERUNDIVE 


portandus, -a, -um, to be carried, 


Dat. portando, for carrying. etc. 
Acc. portandum, carrying. 
Abl. portando, by carrying. 

SuPINE 


Acc. portatum, to carry. 
Abl. portati, to carry. 
587. SECOND CONJUGATION 


PRINCIPAL PARTS: moneO, monére, monui, monitus. 
STEMS: moné-, monu-, monit-. 


INDICATIVE 


PRESENT 


I advise, warn, etc. 


I am advised, warned, etc. 


moneo monémus moneor monémur 

monés monétis monéris (-re) monémini 

monet monent monétur monentur 
IMPERFECT 


I advised, was advising, etc. 


I was advised, etc. 


monébam monébamus monébar monébamur 

monébas monébatis monébaris (-re) monébamini 

monébat monébant monébatur monébantur 
FUTURE 


I shall advise, etc. 


I shall be advised, etc. 


monébo monébimus monébor monébimur 
monébis monébitis monéberis (-re) monébimini 
monébit monébunt monébitur monébuntur 


—— 


APPENDIX 


Active Voice 


PERFECT 


I have advised, etc. 


233 


Passive Voice 


I have been advised, ete. 


monui monuimus L 5e. sumus 
o AL AV monitus moniti 
monuisti monuistis estis 
: D^ S (-a, -um) (-ae, -a) 
monuit monuérunt (-ére) est sunt 
PLUPERFECT 
I had advised, etc. I had been advised, etc. 
monueram monueramus k RUN eramus 
2s M monitus n moniti ; 
monueras monueratis eratis 
(-a, -um) (-ae, -a) 
monuerat monuerant erat erant 


FUTURE PERFECT 


I shall have advised, etc. 


I shall have been advised, etc. 


monueró monuerimus A eró ... [erimus 
' ae) monitus j moniti 
monueris monueritis eris eritis 
: ) (-a, -um) t (-ae, -a) 
monuerit monuerint erit erunt 
SUBJUNCTIVE 
e 
PRESENT 
moneam moneamus monear moneamur 
moneas moneatis monearis (-re) moneamini 
moneat moneant moneatur moneantur 
IMPERFECT 
monérem monérémus monérer monérémur 
monérés monérétis monéréris (-re) monérémini 
monéret monérent monérétur monérentur 
PERFECT 
monuerim monuerimus E sim ... | Simus 
Im monitus ze moniti m. 
monueris monueritis (-a um) S (-ae ) sitis 
“a, - í - -a » 
monuerit monuerint 4 sit 4 sint 


1234 LATIN LESSONS 


Active Voice 


monuissem monuissémus 


monuissétis 
monuissent 


monuissés 
monuisset 


Advise thou, etc. 


2d moné monéte 


Thou shalt advise, etc. 


2d monetoó 
3d monét6 


PRES. monére, to advise, etc. 
PERF. monuisse, to have advised, 


etc. 
FUT.  monitürus esse, 


about to advise, etc. 


PRES. monéns, -entis, advising, 


etc. 


monetote 
monento 


Passive Voice 


PLUPERFECT 
+t essem & ( essemus 
monitus r moniti A 
esses essetis 
(-a, -um) ae, -a) 
esset essent 
IMPERATIVE 
PRESENT 


Be thou advised, etc. 
2d monére monémini 
FUTURE 


Thou shalt be advised, etc. 


2d monétor 


3d monétor monentor 


INFINITIVE 


monéri, to be advised, etc. 
monitus esse, to have been ad- 


vised, etc. 
to be monitum iri, to be about to be ad- 
vised, etc. 
PARTICIPLES 


PERF. monitus, -a, -um, having 
been advised, etc. 


FUT. monitürus, -a, -um, about to 


advise, etc. 


GERUND 


Gen. monendi, of advising, etc. 


GERUNDIVE 


monendus, -a, -um, to be advised, 


Dat. monendo, for advising, etc. etc. 
Acc. monendum, advising, etc. 
Abl. monendo, by advising, etc. 

SUPINE 


Acc. monitum, to advise, etc. 
Abl. monitü, to advise, etc. 


APPENDIX 288 


588. THIRD CONJUGATION 


PRINCIPAL PARTS: diic6, dücere, düxi, ductus. 
STEMS: düce-, düx-, duct-. 


Active Voice Passive Voice 
INDICATIVE 
PRESENT 
I lead, am leading, ete. I am led, etc. 
dücó ducimus dücor dücimur 
ducis ducitis duceris (-re) ^ ducimini 
ducit ducunt ducitur ducuntur 
IMPERFECT 
I led, was leading, etc. I was led, was being led; etc. 
ducébam ducébamus ducébar ducébamur 
ducébas ducébatis ducébaris (-re) ducébamini 
dücébat ducébant ducébatur düc&bantur 
FUTURE 
I shall lead, ete. I shall be led, etc. 
ducam ducémus ducar dücémur 
duces ducétis ducéris (-re) ducémini : 
ducet ducent dicétur ducentur 
PERFECT 
I led, have led, etc. I was led, have been led, etc. 
n i ur vam ductus [^um ducti Rava 
üxis 1 uxis is s (-a, -um) es (-ae, -a) estis 
duxit duxerunt (-ére) est sunt 
PLUPERFECT 
I had led, etc. - I had been led, etc. 
prius tendente ances eem ducti Hea 
uxeras uxeratis (-a, -um) eras (-ae, -a) eratis 


duxerat düxerant rat erant 


236 


LATIN LESSONS 


Active Voice 


Passive Voice 


FUTURE PERFECT 


: I shall have led, etc. 


I shall have been led, etc. 


uxerd duxerimus ero - [erimus 
du * = > p ductus à ducti LS 
(seria pes ee (-a, um) eee (-ae, -a) | eritis 
düxerit düxerint eri erunt 
SUBJUNCTIVE 
PRESENT 
dücam dücáàmus dücar ducamur 
ducas ducatis ducaris (-re) ducamini 
ducat ducant ducatur ducantur 
IMPERFECT 
dücerem dücerémus ducerer dücer&mur 
düceres ducerétis duceréris (-re) ducerémini 
duceret ducerent ducerétur ducerentur 
PERFECT 
i ü imus sim -. [simus 
Mese daga s ductus ducti x 
uxeris uxeritis sis sitis 
2 E E 4 (-a, -um) : (-ae, -a) : 
duxerit duxerint sint 
PLUPERFECT 
uxissem uxissémus essem . [esse 
duxi E da eS: ductus 3 ducti NAT Mes 
duxissés duxissétis essés essétis 
e UE (-a; -um) (-ae, -a) 
duxisset duxissent esset essent 
IMPERATIVE 
PRESENT 
Lead thou, etc. Be thou led, etc. 
2d due (e) ducite 2d ducere ducimini 
FUTURE 


Thou shalt lead, etc. 
2d düucito 
3d ducité 


Thou shalt be led, etc. 


2d ducitor 
9d ducitor 


ducitote 


dücunto ducuntor 


APPENDIX 237 


Active Voice Passive Voice 
INFINITIVE 
PRES. dücere, to lead. | diici, to be led. 
PERF. duxisse, to have led. ductus esse, to have been led. 
FUT. ductürus esse, to be about — ductum iri, to be about to be led. 
to lead. 
PARTICIPLES 
PRES. dücéns, -entis, leading. PERF. ductus, -a, -um, having 
FUT. ductürus, -a, -um, about been led. 
to lead. 
GERUND GERUNDIVE 
Gen. dücendl, of leading. dücendus, -a, -um, to be led. 


Dat. dücendo, for leading. 
Acc. dücendum, leading. 
Abl. dücendo, by leading. 


SUPINE 


Acc. ductum, to lead. 
Abl. ductü, to lead. 


589. FourtH ConsuGATION 


PRINCIPAL PARTS: audi6, audire, audivi, auditus. 
STEMS: audi-, audiv-, audit-. 


INDICATIVE 
PRESENT 
I hear, am hearing, do hear, etc. I am heard, etc. 
audio . audimus audior audimur 
audis auditis audiris (-re) audimini 


audit audiunt auditur audiuntur 


938 LATIN LESSONS 


Active Voice Passive Voice 
IMPERFECT 
I heard, was hearing, etc. I was heard, etc. 
audiébam audiébamus audiébar audiébamur 
audiébas audiébatis audiébaris (-re) audiébamini 
audiébat audiébant audiébatur audiébantur 
FUTURE 
I shall hear, etc. I shall be heard, etc. 
audiam audiémus audiar audiémur 
audiés audiétis audiéris (-re) audiémini 
audiet audient audiétur audientur 
PERFECT 
I have heard, I heard, etc. I have been (was) heard, ete. 
audivi audivimus a sum -.- /sumus 
xA kee ZA auditus | auditis x 
audivisti audivistis es ! estis 
M Lyn Es (-a, -um) (-ae, -a) 
audivit audiverunt (ére) 1 sunt 
PLUPERFECT 
I had heard, etc. I had. been heard, etc. 
audiveram audiveramus dt eram d eramus 
* ie » ues auditus E auditi T 
audiveras audiveratis eratis 
x 3 -a, -um -ae, -a 
audiverat audiverant (a, ) erat Cae, -a) erant 
FUTURE PERFECT 
I shall have heard, etc. I shall have been heard, etc. 
audiverd audiverimus x ero d ... (erimus 
» : 'ü Bh auditus 3 auditi FU 
audiveris audiveritis ) eris ( ) eritis 
35 : E : -a, -um F -ae, -a 
audiverit audiverint ( ; erit : erunt 
SUBJUNCTIVE 
PRESENT 
audiam audiamus audiar audiamur 
audias audiatis audiaris (-re) audiamini 
audiat audiant audiatur audiantur 


——-—"—"' .--—".——vo—Pv Rerum ee Se 


Ee a RES RRTR 


APPENDIX 239 
Active Voice Passive Voice 
IMPERFECT 
audirem audirémus audirer audirémur 
audirés audirétis audireris (-re) audirémini 
audiret audirent audirétur audirentur 
PERFECT 
audiverim audiverimus a sim diti simus 
RET PNIS auditus |} - auditi iti 
audiveris audiveritis 818 S1U1S 
ak Ae es (-a, -um) |.. (-ae, -a) sint 
audiverit audiverint sit 
PLUPERFECT 
audivi ivissé is essem ..- [essemus 
AAR oes audivissémus enttn a P audits o 
audivissés audivissétis (-a, um) essés aon essétis 
- . - = "i 3x 1 ? 
audivisset audivissent esset essent 
IMPERATIVE 
PRESENT 


Hear thou, etc. 


2d audi . audite 2d audire 
ap v i 
FUTURE 
Thou shalt hear, etc. 
2d audito auditote 2d. auditor 
9d audito audiunto 9d auditor 
INFINITIVE 
PRES. audire, to hear. audiri, to be heard. 
PERF. audivisse, to have heard. 
FUT.  auditürus esse, to be about 
to hear. 
PARTICIPLES 
PRES. audiéns, -entis, hearing. PERF. 
FUT.  auditürus, -a, -um, about 


to hear. 


Be thou heard, etc. 


audimini 


Thou shalt be heard, etc. 


audiuntor 


auditus esse, to have been heard. 
auditum iri, to be about to be heard. 


auditus, -a, -um, heard, 
having been heard. 


240 LATIN LESSONS 


Active Voice Passive Voice 
(XERUND GERUNDIVE 
Gen. audiendi, of hearing. audiendus, -a, -um, /o be heard. 


Dat. audiendo, for hearing. 
Acc. audiendum, hearing. 
Abl. audiendo, by hearing. 
SUPINE 


Acc. auditum, (o hear. 
Abl. auditü, to hear. 


590. THIRD CONJUGATION — VERBS IN JO 


PRINCIPAL PARTS: capiO, capere, cépi, captus. 
STEMS: cape-, cép-, capt-. 


INDICATIVE 
PRESENT 
I take, am taking, do take, etc. I am taken, etc. 
capio capimus capior capimur 
capis capitis caperis (-re) capimini 
capit capiunt capitur capiuntur 
IMPERFECT 
I took, was taking, etc. I was taken. 
capiébam, etc. capiébar, etc. 
FUTURE 
I shall take, etc. I shall be taken, etc. 
capiam capiémus . capiar capiémur 
capies capiétis capiéris (-re) . capiémini 
capiet capient capietur capientur 
PERFECT 
I have taken, took, etc. . I have been (was) taken, etc. 


cépi, etc. captus sum, etc. 


APPENDIX 


Active Voice 


PLUPERFECT 
I had taken, etc. 


ceperam, etc. 


241 


Passive Voice 


I had been taken, etc. 


captus eram, etc. 


FUTURE PERFECT 


I shall have taken, etc. 
cepero, etc. 


I shall have been taken, etc. 


captus ero, etc. 


SUBJUNCTIVE 
PRESENT 
capiam capiamus capiar capiamur 
capias capiatis capiaris (-re) capiamini 
capiat capiant . capiatur capiantur 
IMPERFECT 
caperem, etc. caperer, etc. 
PERFECT 
céperim, etc. captus sim, etc. 
PLUPERFECT 
cepissem captus essem, etc. 
IMPERATIVE 
PRESENT 
Take (thou), etc. Be (thou) taken, etc. 
2d cape capite 2d capere capimini 
FUTURE 
Thou shalt take, etc. Thou shalt be taken, etc... 
2d capito. capitóte 2d eapitor 
9d capito capiunto 3d capitor capiuntor 
INFINITIVE 


PRES. capere, to take. 

PERF. cepisse, to have taken. 

FUT. captürus esse, to be about 
to take. 


capi, to be taken. 
captus esse, fo have been taken. 
captum iri, to be about to be taken. 


242 LATIN LESSONS 


Active Voice Passive Voice 
PARTICIPLES 
PRES. capiéns, -ientis, taking. PERF. captus, -a, -um, taken, hav: 
FUT. captürus -a, -um, about to ing been taken. 
take. 
GERUND GERUNDIVE 
Gen. capiendi, of taking. capiendus, -a, -um, to be taken. 


Dat. capiendo, for taking. 
Acc. capiendum, taking. 

Abl. capiendo, by taking. 
SUPINE 


Acc. captum, to take. 
Abl. captü, to take. 


991. IRREGULAR VERBS 
PRINCIPAL Panrs: PRINCIPAL PARTS: 
sum, esse, ful. possum, posse, potul. 
INDICATIVE 
PRESENT 
I am, etc. I am able, I can, etc. 
sum sumus possum possumus 
es estis potes potestis 
est suBDti; 2: potest ^ possunt 
IMPERFECT 
I was, ete. I was able, I could, etc. 
eram eramus poteram poteramus 
eras eratis poteras . poteratis 
erat erant poterat poterant 
FUTURE 
I shall be, etc. I shall be able, etc. 
ero erimus potero poterimus 
eris eritis poteris poteritis 


erit erunt poterit poterunt 


, APPENDIX 


Sum Possum 


PERFECT 


I was, have been, etc. 


fui fuimus potui 

fuisti fuistis potuisti 

fuit fuérunt (-6re) potuit 
PLUPERFECT 


I had been, etc. 


fueram fueramus potueram 
fueras fueratis potueras 
fuerat fuerant potuerat 


FUTURE PERFECT 


I shall have been, etc. 


fuero fuerimus potuero 
fueris . fueritis potueris 
fuerit fuerint potuerit 
SUBJUNCTIVE 
PRESENT 
sim simus possim 
SIS -.- sitis possis 
sit sint possit 
IMPERFECT 
essem essémus possem 
esses essétis posses 
esset essent posset 
PERFECT 
fuerim fuerimus potuerim 
fueris fueritis potueris 
fuerit fuerint potuerit 
PLUPERFECT 
fuissem fuissémus potuissem 
fuisses fuissétis potuissés 
fuisset fuissent potuisset 


I have been able, I could, etc. 


potuimus 


| potuistis 


potuerunt (-ére) 


I had been able, etc. 


potueramus 
potueratis 


potuerant 


I shall have been able, etc. 


potuerimus 
potueritis 
potuerint 


possimus 
possitis 
possint 


possémus 
possétis 
possent 


potuerimus 
potueritis 
potuerint 


potuissémus. 
potuissétis 
potuissent 


244 LATIN LESSONS 


IMPERATIVE 
PRESENT | PRESENT 
Be thou, ete. 
2d es este 
FUTURE FUTURE 
Thou shalt be, etc. 
2d esto estote 
9d esto sunto 
INFINITIVE 
PRES. esse, (o be. posse, to be able. 
PERF. fuisse, to have been. potuisse, to have been able 
FUT.  futürus esse, 
to be about 
Or 
to be. 
fore 
PARTICIPLES 
PRESENT PRESENT 
—-— poténs, -entis (used as an adjec- 
tive), powerful. 
FUTURE 


futürus, -a, -um, «about to be. 


592. Principat Parts: volo, velle, volui, be willing, wish. 
nolo, nólle, nolui, be unwilling. 
malo, malle, malui, be more willing, 


prefer. 

INDICATIVE 

PRESENT 
volo volumus nolo nolumus malo malumus 
vis vultis non vis non vultis mavis mavultis 
vult . volunt non vult nolunt mavult malunt 


volébam 


volam 


volui 


volueram 


volueró 


velimus 
velitis 
velint 


velim 
velis 
velit 


vellem 


voluerim 


voluissem 


APPENDIX 


IMPERFECT 


nolébam 


FUTURE 


nolam 


PERFECT 


nolui 


PLUPERFECT 


nolueram 


' FUTURE PERFECT 


nolueró 


SUBJUNCTIVE 
PRESENT 


nolimus 
nolitis 
nolint 


nolim 
nolis 
nolit 


IMPERFECT 


nollem 


PERFECT 


noluerim 


PLUPERFECT 


nóluissem 


IMPERATIVE 
PRESENT 
9d nóli nolite 
FUTURE 
2d nolitoó nolitote 
3d nólitó noluntó 


malébam 


malam 


malueram 


máàlueró 


malimus 
malitis 
malint 


malim 
malis 
malit 


mallem 


maluerim 


maluissem 


246 LATIN LESSONS 


INFINITIVE 
PRES. velle nolle malle 
PERF. voluisse noluisse maluisse 
PARTICIPLES 
PRES.  voléns noléns —- 


593. Principat Parts: fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, carry. 


r 


INDICATIVE 
Active Passive 
PRESENT 
fero ferimus feror ferimur 
fers fertis ferris (-re) ferimini 
fert ferunt fertur feruntur 
IMPERFECT 
ferébam ferébar 
FUTURE 
feram ferar 
PERFECT 
tuli latus sum 
PLUPERFECT 
tuleram latus eram 


FUTURE PERFECT 


tulero latus eró 
SUBJUNCTIVE " 
PRESENT 
feram |. ferar 
IMPERFECT 
ferrem ferrer 
PERFECT 


tulerim latus sim 


APPENDIX 
Active 
PLUPERFECT 
tulissem 
IMPERATIVE 
PRESENT 
2d fer ferte 2d ferre 
FUTURE 
2d ferto fertote 2d fertor 
3d ferto feruntoó 3d fertor 
INFINITIVE 
PRES. ferre 
PERF. tulisse 
FUT. latürus esse 
PARTICIPLES 
PREs. ferens 
PERF. 
FUT. lattrus 
GERUND 
Gen. ferendi 
Dat. ferendo 
Acc. ferendum 
Abl. ferendo 
SUPINE 


Acc. latum 
Abl. latü 


Passive 


latus essem 


ferimini 


feruntor 


ferri 
latus esse 
latum iri 


latus 


GERUNDIVE 


ferendus 


594. Principat Parts: eo, ire, ii (ivi), itürus, go. 


INDICATIVE 

PRESENT 
eo imus 
is itis 


it eunt 


Active 


IMPERATIVE 


PRESENT 
2d i ite 


247 


248 


Active 
IMPERFECT 


Ibam 


FUTURE 
ibo 


PERFECT 


11 


PLUPERFECT 
ieram 
FUTURE PERFECT 
iero 
SUBJUNCTIVE 
PRESENT 
eam 
IMPERFECT 


irem 
PERFECT 
ierim 
PLUPERFECT 


issem 


LATIN LESSONS 


Active 
FUTURE 
2d itd itote 
3d itd euntó 
INFINITIVE 


PRES. Ire 
PERF. Isse (iisse) 
FUT.  itürus esse 


PARTICIPLES 


PRES. iéns, euntis 
FUT.  itürus 


GERUND 
Gen. eundi 
Dat. eundo 


Acc. eundum 
Abl. eundo 


SUPINE 


Acc. itum 
Abl. itü 


595. Principat Parts: fi6, fieri, factus sum, be made, become. 


INDICATIVE 
PRESENT 
fio fimus 
fis fitis 
fit fiunt 
IMPERFECT 
fiébam 
FUTURE 


fiam 


IMPERATIVE 
PRESENT 
2d fi fite 


INFINITIVE 
PRES. fieri 
PERF. factus esse 
FUT. factum iri 


APPENDIX 249 
Active Fassive 
PERFECT PARTICIPLES 
factus sum PRES. 
PERF. factus 
PLUPERFECT 
factus eram GERUNDIVE 
faciendus 
FUTURE PERFECT 
factus ero 
SUBJUNCTIVE 
PRESENT PERFECT 
fiam factus sim 
IMPERFECT PLUPERFECT 
fierem factus essem 


RULES OF SYNTAX 
For Reference and Review 


The number following the rule designates the section in which it is 
given. 


NOMINATIVE CASE 
596. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative. § 15. 


597. A noun used in the predicate after an intransitive verb 
is in the nominative and is called the predicate nominative. 
$ 28. 


| GENITIVE CASE 
598. Possession is denoted by the genitive. § 27. 


599. The genitive denotes the whole of which a part is 
taken and is called the genitive of the whole. § 260. 


600. The quality or description of a noun may be expressed 
by the genitive with an adjective. § 441. 


601. Definite measurement must be expressed by the gen- 
itive. § 441, a. 


250 LATIN LESSONS 


DATIVE CASE 


602. The indirect object is expressed by the dative. § 56. 

603. The dative is used to limit adjectives meaning like, 
unlike, equal, unequal, and near. § 230. 

604. Adjectives meaning dear, faithful, friendly, suitable, 
useful, etc., and their opposites, take the dative. § 269. 

605. Many verbs meaning benefit or injure, please or displease, 
command or obey, serve or resist, believe or distrust, persuade, 
pardon, envy, threaten, be angry, and the like, take the dative. 
§ 499. 

606. The dative is used with many verbs compounded with 
the prepositions ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, 
super, and sometimes circum. § 419. 

607. A dative expressing purpose is used with sum and a 
few other verbs. § 508. 

608. The dative is used with sum to denote the possessor, 
the thing possessed being the subject. § 514. 

609. With the passive periphrastic the dative is used to 
denote the agent or doer of the action. § 531. 


ACCUSATIVE CASE 

610. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusa- | 
Liven S10. 

611. Place whither is expressed by the accusative with ad 
orin. § 76. See § 278 for exceptions. 

612. Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by 
the accusative. § 286. 

613. The subject of an infinitive is in the accusative. § 307. 

614. The accusative is used with about thirty prepositions, 
the most common of which are ad, ante, apud, circum, contra, 
inter, per, trans. § 333. 

615. The accusative is often used adverbially to express 
degree or extent. § 382. 


APPENDIX :951 


ABLATIVE CASE 


616. Means or instrument is expressed by the ablative with- 
out a preposition. $ 65. 

617. Place in which is expressed by the ablative with in; 
place whence, by the ablative with à, ab, &, or ex. § 76. See 
§ 278 for exceptions. 

618. Accompaniment (in company with or in conflict with) 
is expressed by the ablative with cum. § 102. 

619. Manner is expressed by the ablative with a limiting 
adjective or cum, or both. § 114. 

620. The personal agent with a passive verb is expressed by 
the ablative with à or ab. § 140. 

621. Time when or within which is expressed by the abla- 
tive without a preposition. $ 147. 

622. Cause may be expressed by the ablative usually with- 
out a preposition. $ 195. 

623. The ablative of specification may be used with a verb, 
noun, or adjective to define its application. It answers the 
question “In what respect?" 8$ 204. 

624. The comparative is followed by the ablative when quam 
(than) is omitted. § 221. 

. 625. Degree of difference is expressed by the ablative with- 
out a preposition. § 247, 583. 
626. The ablative with dé or ex is sometimes used instead 


of the genitive of the whole, especially after cardinal numbers. 
$ 260, Note. 


627. Separation is expressed by the ablative either with or 
without a preposition. § 316. 
628. The ablative is always used with, 
a or ab, dé, 
cum, ex or e, 
sine, pro, prae. § 332. 


259 LATIN LESSONS 


629. Two prepositions, in and sub, govern both the accusa- 
tive and the ablative; with the accusative they denote motion 
toward a place, and with the ablative, rest ?» a place. § 334. 


630. The verbs ütor, fruor, fungor, potior, and véscor, and 
their compounds, regularly govern the ablative. $375. 


631. The quality or description of a noun is expressed by 
the genitive or ablative with an adjective. § 441. 


632. The ablative absolute consists of two words in the 
ablative case grammatically independent of the rest of the 
sentence. It expresses time, cause, condition, or concession. 
§ 463. 


VoCATIVE CASE 


633. The vocative case is used as the case of address. 
$82; 6,0; 28, a and 5b; 494, a. 


LocATIVE CASE 


634. With names of cities and towns, domus and rüs, place 
at which is expressed by the locative, which is like the geni- 
tive in the singular of the first and second declensions, other- 
wise like the ablative. $278. 


AGREEMENT 


635. A noun or pronoun in apposition with another noun or 
pronoun agrees with it in case. $187. 


636. A verb agrees with its subject in person and number. 
$17. 


637. An adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number 
and ease. $40. 


638. A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in 
gender, number, and person, but its case is determined by its 
use in its own clause. § 395. 


"i Am n 


APPENDIX 2580 


SUBJUNCTIVE Moop 


639. The subjunctive may be used in independent sentences 
to express something as willed. It is then called the volitive 
subjunctive. § 548. 

640. Purpose is expressed by the subjunctive introduced by 
ut orné. § 353. After verbs of fearing ut is translated that 
not; and ne that. 4131. 

641. Result is expressed by the subjunctive introduced by 
ut or ut non. § 379. 

642. An indirect question follows a verb of knowing, ask- 
ing, and the like, and is a subordinate clause introduced by an 
interrogative word. It is expressed by the subjunctive. § 402. 

643. A clause introduced by cum takes the subjunctive to 
denote the circumstances under which an action took place. 
This use is found only in the imperfect and pluperfect tenses. 
8 470. 

644. A clause introduced by cum and expressing cause is 
regularly in the subjunctive. § 471. 

645. A clause introduced by cum and expressing concession 
is in the subjunctive. 472. 

646. The present subjunctive is used in conditional sen- 
tences expressing a doubt in future time. The conclusion states 
that something would take place if a certain condition should 
be fulfilled. § 480. 

647. In a conditional sentence expressing a thought con- 
trary to fact, the imperfect subjunctive is used for present 
time, and the pluperfect subjunctive for past time. § 482. 


INFINITIVE Moop 


648. The time denoted by the infinitive is always relative, 
depending on the principal verb. The future infinitive denotes 
time after, the perfect time before, and the present the same 
time as the principal verb. § 304. 


251 LATIN LESSONS 


649. Possum and a few other verbs require a complemen 
tary infinitive to complete their meaning. $176. 
650. A statement in indirect discourse is expressed by the 
infinitive with its subject in the accusative. § 303. 
651. An infinitive or clause used substantively is neuter 
singular. $476. 
InpIRECT DiscouRSsE 


652. In indirect discourse, that is, when the thought of the 
speaker is given without his exact words, a statement is ex- 
pressed by the infinitive; questions, commands, and subordi- 
nate clauses, by the subjunctive. §§ 554, 303. 


ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
As an Aid to the Study of Latin 


Nouns 


653. A Noun is the name of some person or thing. 

654. A Common Noun is the name of one of a class of 
objeets: picture, story. 

655. A Proper Noun is the name of a particular person or 
object: Caesar, Rome. 

656. A Collective Noun is one which, singular in form, may 
apply to a group of objects: family, army. 

657. A Verbal Noun is the name of an action. Walking is 
good exercise. 

658. An Abstract Noun is the name of a quality or condi- 
tion: goodness, wealth. 


PRONOUNS 


659. A Pronoun (Latin pró, for, and nomen, name) is a word 
used for a noun. I saw James as he was coming. 

660. A Personal Pronoun shows by its form whether it re- 
fers to the speaker (first person, J); the one spoken to (second 
person, you); or the one spoken of (third person, he). 


APPENDIX 255 


661. A Relative Pronoun refers to a word in a preceding 
clause called the antecedent. 
(a) The relative connects the two clauses. The man whom I saw was 

blind. 

(b) The relative pronouns‘are who, which, what, and that. 

662. An Interrogative Pronoun asks a question. Who are 
you? The interrogative pronouns are who, which, what. 

663. A Demonstrative Pronoun points out a particular per- 
son or thing: this, these; that, those. 

664. An Indefinite Pronoun does not refer to any definite 
person or thing: some, any one. 

665. A Reflexive Pronoun refers back to the subject. The 
man praises himself. 

666. Nouns and Pronouns have gender, person, number, and 
case. 

667. Gender distinguishes sex. 


(a) Names of males are masculine ; names of ta sh feminine ; names 
of things are neuter. 


(In Latin the gender is often determined by the ending of 
the noun.) 

668. Number shows how many persons or things are re- 
ferred to. Singular number denotes but one; plural number 
denotes more than one. 

669. Case shows the relation of the noun or pronoun to the 
other words of the sentence. 


(a) There are three cases in English: Nominative, Possessive, Objective. 


670. The Nominative Case is used as the subject of a sen- 
tence or in the predicate after an intransitive or passive verb. 
The boy ran home. You are a wise man. ‘The man was called 
general. 

671. The Possessive Case denotes possession.  Caesa:'s sol- 
diers were brave. 


256 LATIN LESSONS 


672. The Objective Case is used as the object of a verb or 
preposition. Caesar sent the army to the city. 


673. Inflection is the change in the form of a word to show 
its relation to the other words of a sentence. The inflection of 
a noun or pronoun is called Declension: Nom. who, Poss. 
whose, Obj. whom. The inflection of a verb is called Conjuga- 
tion. 


ADJECTIVES 


674. An Adjective is used to limit or describe a noun or its 
equivalent. Five boys came. The soldiers were brave. To 
err is human. 


675. A, an, and the are called Articles. The is the definite 
article; a and an are indefinite articles. 


676. Adjectives denoting number are called Numeral Adjec- 
tives. They are either Cardinals, denoting how many: three, 
ten; or Ordinals, denoting which one in order: third, tenth. 


677. Comparison of Adjectives is a change in form by which 

degree of quality is expressed. 

(a) The degrees of comparison are called positive, comparative, and 
superlative. ; 

(6) The Positive denotes the quality in the simple state: large, good. 

(c) The Comparative denotes the quality in a greater or less degree : 
larger, better, less beautiful. 

(d) The Superlative denotes the quality in greatest or least degree : 
largest, best, least beautiful. 


678. Adjectives are compared regularly by adding to the 
positive -er for the comparative, and -st or -est for the superla- 
tive; irregularly; and by adding more and most, less and least 
to the positive. Most adjectives of more than one syllable are 
compared in this last way. Large, larger, largest ; good, better, 
best ; beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful. 

(For comparing adjectives regularly in Latin, see § 214.) 


APPENDIX 251 


VERBS 
679. A Verbis a word used to assert action or state of be- 
ing: to sing, to be. 


680. A Transitive Verb is one which commonly requires an 
object to complete its meaning. He killed his enemy. 

(Transitive is from the Latin trans, across, and eO, go, be- 
cause the action goes over from the subject to the object of the 
verb.) 

681. An /ntransitive Verb is one which does not require an 
object to complete its meaning. They dwell in Gaul. 


682. An Impersonal Verb 1s one which does not take a per- 
sonal subject and is used only in the third person singular. Jt 
rains. 

683. An Auziliary Verb (Latin auxilium, aid) is one which 
aids in the conjugation of other verbs. IJ was reading. Does 
he read ? 


684. Verbs have voice, mood, tense, person, and number. 


685. The inflection of a verb is called Conjugation. The 
Conjugation gives the forms of a verb in all voices, moods, 
tenses, persons, and numbers. ; 


686. The Synopsis of a verb gives its forms in any required 
person and number through all moods and tenses. 


VOICE 


687. A verb is in the Active Voice when the subject per- 
forms the action. Caesar has fought. 


688. A verb is in the Passive Voice when the subject is 
acted upon. The boys were punished. 


Norte. — Intransitive verbs are used only in the active voice. 


Moop 


689. By Mood (Latin modus. manner) we mean the manner 
of making a statement. 


258 | LATIN LESSONS 


690. A verb is in the Indicative Mood when it states a fact 
or asks whether something is a fact. Rome was a great city. 
Did Caesar conquer the Gauls ? 


691. The Subjunctive Mood states something as demanded, 
wished for, possible, contingent, or contrary to fact. 

He shall pay me. Heaven help us! If it should rain, they would not 
go. lf we were better, we should be happier. 

692. The Imperative Mood expresses a command. Soldiers, 
draw your swords. 

(a) With the imperative the subject is usually not expressed. The per- 
son addressed is put in the Nominative Independent. (Vocative in 
Latin.) 

693. The Infinitive is a form of the verb not limited by per- 
son and number. To forgive is divine. 

(a) It may be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. 

(b) It has the present and perfect tenses only. 

(c) The Present Infinitive represents an action as taking place at the 
time of the principal verb. He wishes (wished, will wish) to fight. 

(d) The Perfect Infinitive represents an action as completed at the time of 
the principal verb. The man is said (was said, will be said) to 
have fought. 

694. The Infinitive with subject in the objective (Latin 
Accusative) case is used after verbs meaning wish, prefer, and 
the like when its subject is not the same as that of the govern- 
ing verb. I wish you to go. 

(a) When the subject of both verbs is the same, the subject of the infini- 
tive is not expressed. I wish £o go. 


TENSE (INDICATIVE) 


695. The Present Tense represents an action as taking place 
at the present time (Latin Present). The soldiers fight. 

696. The Past Tense represents something as having oc- 
curred in the past. (Latin Imperfect and Perfect.) The 
soldiers were fighting, fought. 


APPENDIX 259 


697. The Future Tense represents something that will occur 
in the future. (Latin Future.) The soldiers will fight. 


698. The Present Perfect represents an action as completed 
at the present time. (Latin Perfect.) The soldiers have 
Jought. 

699. The Past Perfect represents an action as having been 
completed before some past time. (Latin Pluperfect) The 
soldiers had fought. 


400. The Future Perfect represents an action as having 
taken place before some definite time in the future. (Latin 
Future Perfect.) The soldiers will have fought long before they 


conquer. 
PERSON AND NUMBER 


701. A Verb agrees with its subject in person and number. 


(a) A verb having two or more subjects connected by and must be in 
the plural. The boy and the girl are my friends. 

(b) A verb having two or more singular subjects separated by or or nor 
must be in the singular. Neither the boy nor the girl 7s happy. 


PARTICIPLES 


702. A Participle is a Verbal Adjective. Like a verb it may 
take an object and have adverbial modifiers. We saw the man 
beating the horse severely. 

Like an adjective, it may modify anoun. A babbling brook 
flows through the meadow. 

ADVERBS 


703. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. 
He ran swiftly. Heis nearly blind. They fought very bravely. 


704. An Adverb may express: Time, recently; Manner, 
swiftly ; Place, here; Degree, very; Affirmation, yes; Nega- 
tion, no, not. 

705. An Interrogutive Adverb asks a question with reference 
to time, place, manner, or reason. When shall we go? Where 
shall we go? How shall we go? Why shall we go? 


260 LATIN LESSONS - 


706. A Conjunctive Adverb is used to introduce an adverbial 
clause. While there is life, there is hope. 


PREPOSITIONS 


707. A Preposition (Latin prae, before, and pond, place) is 
a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation to 
the rest of the sentence. He lived in Italy. He went to 
Rome. 


CONJUNCTIONS 


708. A Conjunction (Latin con, together, and iungo, join) is 
a word used to connect words, phrases, or clauses. 
(a) A Coérdinate Conjunction connects elements of equal rank or im- 
portance: and, but, nor. 


(b) A Subordinate Conjunction connects elements of unequal rank or 
importance: because, if. 


INTERJECTIONS 


709. An Iuterjection (Latin inter, between, and. iació, throw) 
is a word thrown into a sentence to express surprise or emotion 
and used independently of the rest of the sentence: ah, oh, 
halloo. 


RULES oF SYNTAX 


710. The Subject of a verb is in the Nominative case. Rome 
was a large city. 


711. The Direct Object of a verb is in the Objective (Latin 
Accusative) case. Virgil wrote poetry. 


712. A noun or adjective used in the predicate after an 
intransitive or passive verb agrees with the subject in ease and 
is called the Predicate Noun or Predicate Adjective. They were 
children. They were good. He was chosen king. He was 
called wise. 


(a) It may be stated thus: An Intransitive or Passive verb takes the 
same case after it as before it. 


ee 


APPENDIX 261 


713. Possession is denoted by the Possessive (Genitive) case 
or of with an object. We read Horace’s poems. We read the 
poems of Horace. 


714. Some transitive verbs having the general meaning of 
giving, telling, etc., take two objects, a direct and an indirect. 
(a) The Direct Object receives the full effect of the action ; the Indirect 


Object is that to or for which something is done or happens. We 
gave (to) Caesar the letter. We told him the reason. 


715. The Objective (Latin Accusative) case is used as the 
subject of an infinitive. Caesar ordered him to fight. 


C. IULII CAESARIS 
DE BELLO GALLICO 


SELECTIONS FROM Book I 


Divisions of Gaul 


Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum! ünam in- 
colunt Belgae, aliam Aquitàni, tertiam, qui ipsorum lingua? 
Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institütis, 
legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitànis Garumna 
flamen, à Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium 
fortissimi sunt Belgae, proptereà quod à eultü atque hümaàni- 
tate provinciae longissime absunt, proximique sunt Germanis; 
qui trans Rhénum ineolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum 
gerunt. 

Quà dé causa Helvétii quoque reliquos Gallos virtüte* 
praecedunt, quod feré cotidiànis proeliis > cum Germànis con- 
tendunt, cum aut suis finibus? eos prohibent, aut ipsi in eorum 
finibus bellum gerunt. 


$9 


The Helvetians decide to migrate 


Undique loei nàtüra Helvetii continentur: ünà ex parte 
flamine Rhéno làtissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium 
à Germanis dividit, altera ex parte monte Iürà altissimo, qui 
est inter Sequanos et Helvétios, tertia laci Lemanno et flümine 
Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His 
rébus fiebat, ut et minus laté vagàarentur et minus facile 
finitimis? bellum inferre possent. Pro multitüdine autem 


1 $ 599. ? $ 616. 3 § 603. 4 § 623. 5 § 619. 6 § 627. 
7 The subject is ut . . . possent. 8 $ 606. 
202 


‘ 


GAUL 


at the time of 
CAESAR. 


SCALE OF ROMAN MILES 
20 40 60 80 100 


L.L. POATES ENGR'G CO., 
Longitude 4? West 


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APPENDIX 263 


hominum et pro gloria belli angustos sé finis habére arbitra- 
bantur. 


They prepare to depart 


-Constituerunt ea, quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent, com- 
parare, iümentorum et carrdrum quam maximum numerum 
coémere, sémentés quam maximas facere, cum proximis civitati- 
bus pacem et amicitiam confirmare. Ad eas rés conficiendas! 
biennium sibi satis esse düxérunt; in tertium annum pro- 
fectionem lége confirmant. 

Ubi iam sé ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida 
sua omnia, numero ad duodecim, reliqua privata aedificia in- 
.cendunt, frümentum omne, praeterquam quod secum portatiri 
erant, combürunt. 


Two ways to depart 


Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire 
possent;? ünum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter mon- 
tem lüram et flümen Rhodanum, vix quà singuli earri düce- 
rentur;? mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci 
prohibere possent; alterum per provinciam nostram, multo 
facilius, proptereà quod inter finés Helvétiorum et Allobrogum, 
Rhodanus fluit, isque nónnüllis locis vado transitur.  Ex- 
trémum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum 
finibus Genava. Ex eó oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. 
Omnibus rébus ad profectionem comparatis, diem dicunt, quà 
dié ad ripam Rhodani omnés conveniant. 


Caesar learns their plans 


Caesari eum id nüntiàtum esset, eds per provinciam nostram 
iter facere cOnari, mátürat ab urbe proficisci et, quam maximis 
potest itineribus, in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad 
Genavam pervenit. Ubi dé eius adventü Helvetii certiores 


1$ 522, 3. 2 Subjunetive of Characteristic. 


y 
gp 


€ 


264 LATIN LESSONS 


facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, qui 
dicerent, sibi? esse in animo sine üllo maleficio iter per pro- 
vinciam facere, proptereà quod aliud iter habérent nüllum. 
Ut spatium intercedere posset, dum milites, quos imperaverat, 
convenirent, legátis respondit, diem sé ad deliberandum sümp- 
türum. 

Intereà eà legione? quam sécum habébat, militibusque,? qui 
ex provincia convenerant, à lacü Lemanno, qui in flümen 
Rhodanum influit, ad montem Iüram, qui fines Sequanorum ab 
Helvetiis dividit, mürum fossamque perdücit. 


He thwarts their plans 


Ubi ea dies, quam constituerat eum légatis, venit, et legati 
ad eum reverterunt, negat se posse iter Ulli per provinciam dare 
et, si vim facere conentur, prohibitürum * ostendit. Helvetii ea 
spe deiecti, nàvibus iünetis ratibusque complüribus factis, alii 
vadis Rhodani quà minima altitüdo flüminis erat, si perrumpere 
possent,* conati, militum concurst® et telis repulsi hoe conátü ? 
destiterunt. 


SELECTIONS FROM Book II 


The Belgians conspire against the Romans 


Cum esset? Caesar in citeriore Gallia erebri ad eum rümores 
afferébantur, litterisque item Labiéni certior fiebat, omnes 
Belgàs? contra populum Rómànum ceoniüràre obsidesque inter 
sé dare. 

His nüntiis? litterisque commotus Caesar duàs legiones in 
citeriore Gallia novàs conscripsit et inità aestáte,! in ulteriorem 
Galliam qui ? dédüceret,? Q. Pedium legatum misit. Ipse, cum 
primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit. Dat 


1§ 640. 2 $ 608. 3 $ 616. 4 Prohibitürum = se prohibiturum esse. 
5 § 642. 6 § 616. 7 $ 697. 8 § 643. 9 § 613. 10 § 622. 
11§ 632. 12§ 3061. 1380640, 14 8§ 643. 


APPENDIX 265 


negotium Senonibus reliquisque Gallis, qui finitimi Belgis 
erant, uti ea, quae apud eos gerantur, eognóseant! seque dé his 
rébus certiorem faciant.! Hi eonstanter omnés nüntiàvérunt, 
manüs? cogi? exercitum in ünum locum condici. Ré frümen- 
tàrià comparàatà* castra movet diebusque? circiter quindecim 
ad fines Belgarum pervenit. 


The Remi declare their loyalty to Caesar 


Eo eum venisset, Rémi ad eum legátos Iccium et Andecum- 
borium, primos civitatis, miserunt, qui dicerent, se suaque 
omnia in fidem atque potestatem populi Romani permittere, 
neque se eum reliquis Belgis consensisse neque contrà populum 
Romanum conitirasse, parátosque esse et obsides dare et imperata 
facere et oppidis recipere et friiment6 céterisque rebus iuvare ; 
reliquos omnes Belgas in armis esse, Germànosque, qui cis 
Rhénum incolant,® sese cum his coniünxisse. 


Caesar finds out the strength of the enemy 


Cum ab his quaereret, quae civitatés quantaeque in armis 
essent? et quid in bello possent, sic reperiebat: plerosque Bel- 
gas? esse ortos ab Germanis Rhénumque antiquitus traductos 
propter loci fertilitàtem ibi eonsedisse. Plirimum ® inter eds 
Bellovaeos et virtüte? et auctoritàte et hominum numero 
valere;? hos posse conficere armata milia centum; pollicitds 
ex eo numero élécta sexàgintà, totiusque belli imperium sibi 
postulàre. Suessidnés suos esse finitimos; làátissimos feracissi- 
mosque agrés possidére. Apud eds fuisse régem nostra etiam 
memoria Diviciacum, totius Galliae potentissimum ; nunc esse 
regem Galbam: oppida habére numero xir, pollieeri milia 
armáta quinquaginta; totidem Nervios; quindecim milia Atre- 
batés, Ambiànos decem milia, Morinós xxv milia, Menapios vir 
milia, Caletos x milia, Veliocassés et Viromanduos totidem, 


1$ 640. 2 § 613. 8 § 650. 4 § 632. 5 § 621. 
6 § 652. 7 § 642. 8 § G15. 9 § 623. 


266 LATIN LESSONS 


Aduatueos xrx milia; Condrüsos, Eburones, Caerosos, Cae. 
manos, qui ünó nómine Germàni appellantur, arbitrári ad xr 
milia. 

Caesar gives directions to the Remi 


Caesar Rémos cohortatus omnem senátum! ad sé convenire 
principumque liberos obsides? ad sé addüei iussit. Quae 
omnia ab his diligenter ad diem facta sunt. Ipse Divieiácum 
Aeduum magnopere cohortatus docet, quanto opere rei pübli- 
eae comminisque salütis? intersit^ manüs hostium distinéri. 
Id fieri posse,? si suás copias Aedui in fines Bellovacorum 
introdüxerint$ et eorum agros populàri eoeperint. His datis 
mandatis eum à se dimittit. 


Caesar crosses the river and fortifies his camp 


Postquam omnés Belgàrum cópiàs ! ad sé venire vidit, lumen 
Axonam, quod est in extremis Remorum finibus, exercitum 
trüádücere mattiravit atque ibi castra posuit. In eo flümine 
pons erat. Ibi praesidium ponit et in alterà parte flüminis 
Q. Titürium Sabinum léegaàtum cum sex cohortibus relinquit. 
Castra in altitüdinem pedum xir vallo? fossique duodeviginti 
pedum münire iubet. 


The Belgians attack Bibrax 


Ab his eastris oppidum Remorum nomine? Bibrax aberat 
milia passuum octo. Idexitinere Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. 
Aegre eo die sustentàátum est. Belgarum oppugnatio est haec. 
Ubi, cireumiectà'? multitüdine hominum tótis moenibus," undi- 
que in mürum lapides iaci coepti sunt,” mürusque defensoribus '? 
nidatus est, testüdine factà succedunt mürumque subruunt. 
Quod tum facile fiebat. Nam cum tanta multitüdo lapides ac 


1 $ 613. 2 $ 635. 3 Genitive after the impersonal verb intersit. 
4 $ 642. 5 § 650. 6 $ 652. 7 § 601. 8 § 616. 9 $ 623. 
10 § 632. 12 Passive voice when followed by a passive infinitive. 


11 § 606. 13 § 627. 


APPENDIX 267 


tela conicerent, in muro consistendi! potestàs erat nülli.? 
Cum finem oppugnandi nox fécisset, Iccius Rémus, qui tum 
oppido? praefuerat, nüntium ad eum mittit: nisi subsidium 
sibi submittàtur,! sese diütius sustinere nón posse. 


Caesar sends relief to the town, and the Belgians march 
against him 


Eo dé media nocte Caesar isdem 5 ducibus? üsus, qui nüntii? 
ab lecioó venerant, sagittarios et funditorés subsidio? oppidànis 
mittit; quorum adventü hostibus? spes potiundi'? oppidi dis- 
cessit. Paulisper apud oppidum morati agrosque Remorum 
dépopulati, omnibus vicis" aedificiisque, quos adire potuerant, 
incensis, ad castra Caesaris omnibus copiis ? contendérunt et ab 
milibus passuum minus duóbus castra posuerunt; quae castra, 
ut fümo atque ignibus significabatur, amplius milibus passuum 
octo in làtitüdinem patebant. 


Caesar prepares for battle 


Caesar primo et propter multitüdinem hostium et propter 
eximiam opinionem virtütis proelio P supersedére statuit ; cotidie 
tamen equestribus proeliis, quid hostis virtüte posset “ et quid 
nostri audérent, periclitabatur. Ubi nostros non esse inferi- 
ores intellexit, ab utroque latere eius collis trànsversam fossam 
obdüxit circiter passuum, cp et ad extrémas fossàs castella 
constituit ibique tormenta eollocávit, né hostes ab lateribus 
pugnantés suds circumvenire possent. Hoc facto, duabus 
legionibus, quàs proximé conscripserat, in castris relictis, ut 
subsidid ® düei possent, reliqués sex legiones pro castris in 
acie constituit. Hostés item suas cdpias ex castris éductas 
mstrüxerant. 


1 § 517. 28608. ^ 3 § 606. 4 $ 652. 5 § 650. 
6 § 630. 7 § 635. 8 § 607. ? § 627. 10 § 519. 
11 § 632. 12 $ 618. 18 § 627. 14 § 642. 15 $ 607. 


268 LATIN LESSONS 


The Belgians attempt to cut off Caesar’s supplies 


Palüs erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium exerci- 
tum. Ubi neutri tráànseundi initium faciunt Caesar suds in 
castra redüxit. Hostes ex eo loco ad flimen Axonam conten- 
derunt. Ibi vadis repertis partem suarum cóplàrum tradicere 
conati sunt, eo consilio! ut, si possent,? castellum, cui? praeerat 
Q. Titürius légatus, expugnarent* pontemque interscinderent, 
Si minus potuissent, agros Remorum popularentur,’ qui magno 
nobis üsui? ad bellum gerendum erant, commedatique’ nostros 
prohiberent. 


The Belgians are defeated and disperse 


Caesar certior factus ab Titürio omnem equitatum et fundi- 
torés sagittaridsque pontem tràdücit atque ad eds contendit. 
Acriter in ed loco pugnatum est.  Hostés impeditos nostri? in 
flimine aggressi magnum eórum numerum occiderunt. Hostes 
ubi et de expugnando oppido? et dé flimine trànseundo spem 
se fefellisse intelléxérunt neque nostros in locum iniquiorem 
progredi pugnandi causa vidérunt, atque ipsos rés frimentaria 
deficere coepit, consilio convocáto, constituerunt optimum esse, 
domum P? suam quemque reverti, quod Aeduos finibus Bellova- 
corum appropinquare eognóverant. 

Ea re constitütà ? secundà vigilia ^ magno cum strepiti ac 
tumultü eastris" egressi nülló certo ordine neque imperio, eüm 
sibi quisque primum itineris locum peteret!$ et domum per- 
venire properàret, fecerunt, ut consimilis fugae!" profectio 
vidérétur.® 


They are pursued by the Roman army, and many are slain 


Hac ré statim Caesar per speculatorés cognita, Insidias veri- 
tus, quod, quà dé causa discederent,? nondum perspexerat, 


1§ 622. 2 Subjunctive by attraction. 3 § 606. 4 § 640. 
5 § 607. 6 § 522, 3. 7 § 627. 8 § 534, 2. 9 § 4202, 
10 § 519. 11 § 473, 1. 12 § 278. 18 § 632. 14 $ 621. 


15 § 619. le $ 644. AT § 603. 18 $ 641. 19 § 642. 


APPENDIX 269 


exercitum equitatumque castris continuit. Prima lice! cón- 
firmata re ab exploratoribus, omnem equitétum, qui novis- 
simum agmen morarétur,? praemisit. His? Q. Pedium et L. 
Auruneuleium Cottam legatos praefecit. T. Labienum legatum 
cum legionibus tribus subsequi iussit. Hi novissimos adorti et 
multa milia passuum proseeüti magnam multitüdinem eórum 
fugientium concidérunt. Sub oecásum solis sequi destiterunt 
séque in castra, ut erat imperátum, recépérunt. 


Caesar attacks the Suessiones, and their chief town, Noviodunum, 
surrenders 


Caesar, in finés Suessionum, qui proximi Rémis erant, exer- 
citum düxit et magno itinere^ ad oppidum Noviodünum con- 
tendit. Id ex itinere oppugnàre conatus, quod vacuum ab 
defensoribus esse audiebat, propter latitüdinem fossae mürique 
altitüdinem, paucis défendentibus,? expugnáre non potuit. Cas- 
tris münitis, vineàs agere coepit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessi- 
onum multitüdo in oppidum proximà nocte convenit. Celeriter 
vineis * ad oppidum àetis, aggere 1acto turribusque constitütis, 
magnitüdine" operum, quae neque viderant ante Galli neque 
audierant, et celeritate’ Romànorum permoti legátos ad Caesa- 
rem de deditione mittunt et, petentibus Rémis, ut cónservà- 
rentur, impetrant. 


The Bellovaci come and seek peace 


Caesar, obsidibus acceptis primis? civitatis atque ipsius 
Galbae régis duobus filiis, armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis, 
in deditionem Suessióones accépit exercitumque in Bellovacos 
dücit. Quicum sé suaque omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium 
contulissent, atque ab eo oppido Caesar cum exereitü circiter 
milia passuum quinque abesset, omnes maiores nati ? ex oppido 


1$ 621. 2 $ 640. 3 $ 606. 4 Supply confecto. 5 $ 463, 4. 
6 $ 632. 7 $ 622. 8 $ 635. 9 $ 623. 


270 LATIN LESSONS 


égressI mantis ad Caesarem tendere et voce significáre! coepé 
runt, sésé? in eius fidem ac potestaétem venire neque contra 
populum Rómànum armis contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum 
accessisset? castraque ibi poneret, pueri mulierésque ex müró 
passis manibus suo more?’ pacem ab Romanis petiérunt. 


Diviacus pleads for the Bellovact 


Pro his Diviciacus facit verba: Bellovacds omni tempore in 
fide atque amicitia civitatis Aeduae fuisse: impulsos à suis 
prineipibus et ab Aeduis défécisse et popula Romano bellum 
intulisse. Qui? eius consilii principés fuissent, quod intelle- 
gerent quantam calamitatem civitàti? intulissent,?in Britanniam 
profügisse. Petere non solum Bellovacos, sed etiam pro his 
Aeduos, ut sua clementia? àe mànsuetüdine in eos ütàtur. 


Caesar accepts the surrender 
Caesar honoris Diviciaci atque Aeduorum causa sésé eos in 
fidem receptürum et conservatürum dixit; quod erat civitas 
magna inter Belgas auctoritate atque hominum multitüdine 
praestabat, sescentos obsides poposcit. His traditis omni- 
busque armis ex oppido collatis, ab eo locó in fines Ambiàno- 
rum pervenit, qui sé suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt. 


SELECTIONS FROM Book IV 


Caesar plans an expedition to Britain 


Caesar in Britanniam profieisei contendit. Neque praeter 
mercatores illo! adit quisquam, neque his ipsis quicquam 
praeter dram maritimam atque eàs regiones, quae sunt contra 
Galliás, notum est. Itaque vocatis ad se undique mercatori- 


1 $ 649. 2 $ 613. 3 $ 643. 4 $ 632. 5 § 619. 
6 Supply eos as subject of profügisse and antecedent of qui. 
? $ 606. 8 $ 642. 3 $ 630. 10 Adverb. 


abel x 


APPENDIX 2L 


bus, neque quanta esset! insulae magnitüdo, neque quae aut 
? 3 

quantae natidnés incolerent! neque qui essent! ad maiorum 

navium multitüdinem idonei portüs, reperire poterat. 


He finds out all he can about the island 


Ad haee cognoscenda, 1idóneum esse arbitrátus C. Volusénum 
cum navi longà praemittit. Huic mandat, ut ad sé quam 
primum revertatur. Interim consilio eius cognit6 et per mer- 
catorés perlaàto ad Britannos, à compliribus insulae civitàátibus 
ad eum legati veniunt, qui pollieeantur? obsides dare atque 
imperio populi Romani obtemperàre. Quibus auditis, eds 
domum remittit, et cum iis Commium, cuius et virtütem et 
consilium probabat et quem sibi fidelem esse arbitrabatur, 
mittit. Huic imperat, quàs possit? adeat civitatés seque cele- 
riter eo ventürum nüntiet. 


He crosses, and on landing is attacked by the Britons 


Hora diei circiter quarté cum primis navibus Britanniam 
attigit atque ibi in omnibus collibus expositàs hostium cópiàs 
armátàs conspexit. Cuius loei haee erat nàtüra, atque ita mon- 
tibus angusté mare continébatur, uti ex loeis superioribus in 
litus télum adigi posset. Interim légatis convocatis et quae ex 
Voluséno cognovisset, et quae fieri vellet,! ostendit. 

At barbari, consilio Románorum cognito, praemisso equitata 
reliquis copiis* subsecüti nostros nàvibus egredi prohibebant. 
Erat ob has ecausàs summa diffieultàs, quod nàvés propter mag- 
nitüdinem nisi in alto constitui nón poterant, militibus * autem 
ignotis locis, magno et gravi onere armorum pressis,® simul et 
de nàvibus désiliendum ? et in flüctibus cénsistendum’ et cum 
hostibus erat pugnandum, cum illi aut ex àridó aut paulum in 
aquam progressi omnibus membris expeditis, notissimis locis 
audacter téla conicerent. | 


1$ 642. 2 $ 640. 3 Subjunctive by attraction. 5 $ 618. 
5 $ 609, 6 Agrees with militibus. 7 $ 534. 


i LATIN LESSONS 


The standard bearer of the tenth legion sets an example of 
bravery 


Atque nostris militibus cunctantibus, maximé propter alti- 
tüdinem maris, quidecimae legionis aquilam ferebat, “ Desilite," 
inquit, «commilitones, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere: 
ego certé meum rei püblieae atque imperatori officium prae- 
stitero." Hoc cum voce magna dixisset, sé ex navi proiécit 
atque in hostés aquilam ferre coepit. Tum nostri cohortati 
inter sé ex navi désiluérunt. 


After a bitter struggle the Britons are forced to flee 


Pugnatum est ab utrisque aeriter. Nostri tamen, quod neque 
Ordinés serváre neque signa subsequi poterant, magnopere per- 
turbabantur; hostes vero, notis omnibus vadis, ubi ex litore 
aliquos singulàrés ex navi egredientes conspexerant, plüres 
paueós circumsistébant. Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, 
his subsidia submittébat. Nostri, simul in àrido constiterunt, 
in hostes impetum fecerunt atque eos in fugam dederunt. 


They make peace 


Hostés proelio superati, simul atque sé ex fuga receperunt, 
statim ad Caesarem légátos dé pàce miserunt; obsides datüros, 
quaeque imperasset faectüros sese pollieiti sunt. Caesar quod 
bellum sine eausa intulissent obsides imperàvit; quorum illi 
partem statim dedérunt, partem paucis diebus sésé datüros 
dixerunt. 


SELECTIONS FROM Book VI 


The two classes of Gallic nobility ; the Knights and the 
Druids 


In omni Gallià eorum hominum, qui, aliquó sunt numero 
atque honore, genera sunt duo. Dé his duobus generibus 
alterum est druidum, alterum equitum.’ Illi rebus divinis 


1 Genitive after est, meaning composed of. 


APPENDIX 273 


intersunt, ad eds magnus aduléscentium numerus disciplinae 
causa concurrit, magnoque hi sunt apud eds honore. Fere dé 
omnibus eontroversiis püblieis privatisque constituunt. His 
autem omnibus druidibus! praeest ünus, qui summam inter eos 
habet auctoritàtem. Hüe omnes undique, qui contréversias 
habent, coriveniunt eorumque décrétis iddiciisque parent. 


Privileges of the Druids 


Druidés à bell6 abesse cénsuérunt neque tribüta ünà cum 
reliquis pendunt. Tantis excitàti praemiis multi in disciplinam 
conveniunt et à parentibus mittuntur. Multa dé sideribus 
atque eorum moti, de terrarum magnitüdine, de rerum nàtürà, 
dé deorum immortàlium vi ae potestate disputant. 


The gods of the Gauls and their attributes 


Deorum? maxime Mereurium colunt: huius sunt plürima 
simulàera; hune omnium inventorem artium ferunt, hunc 
vidrum atque itinerum ducem, hune ad quaestüs pecüniae mer- 
catirdsque habére vim maximam arbitrantur. Post hune 
Apollinem et Martem et Iovem et Minervam. Dé his eandem 
feré, quam reliquae gentés, habent opinionem: Apollinem 
morbos dépellere, Minervam operum atque artificidrum initia 
tradere, Iovem imperium caelestium tenére, Martem bella regere. 
Huie, cum proelio dimieáre constituerunt, ea, quae belló cépe- 
rint, plérumque dévovent: cum superavérunt, animalia capta 
immolant, reliquas res in ünum locum cénferunt. Multis in 
civitatibus harum rerum tumulos cdnspicari licet; neque saepe 
accidit, ut quispiam aut capta apud sé occultare aut posita tol- 
lere audéret, gravissimumque ei rei supplicium cum cruciati 
constitütum est. 


1 $ 606. 2 $ 599, depending on maxime. 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 


A 


à, ab, prep. (with abl.), from, by. 

ab, adv., off. 

absum, -esse, àfui, to be away, 
absent, to be exempt. ; 

ac, conj., and, and also. 

accédó, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, ap- 
proach. 

accido, -ere, accidi, —, happen. 

accipio, -ere, -cépi, -ceptus, re- 
ceive, accept. 

acer, Acris, acre, adj., sharp, 
active. 

acies, -ei, f., line of battle. 

acriter, adv., sharply, fiercely. 

ad, prep. (with acc.), to, near, 
toward, for, about (with words 
of number), according to. 

addiic6, -ere,  -düxi, -ductus, 
lead to, influence. 

adeo, -ire, -ivi, -itus, go to, ap- 
proach, visit (followed by acc.). 

adig6, -ere, égi, -actus, drive. 

adorior, -iri, -ortus sum, attack. 

Aduatuci, -orum, m., Aduatuci, 
a people of Gaul. 

aduléscéns, -centis, m., a youth. 

adventus, -üs, m., arrival, ap- 
proach. 

adversus, -a, -um, adj., turned 
toward, facing, face to face. 

aedificium, -i, n., building. 

aedifico, -are, -àvi, -átus, build. 


! Aeduus, -1, m., Aeduan. 


aegre, adv., with difficulty. 
Aenéas, -ae, m., Aeneas. 


| aequus, -a, -um, equal, serene. 


aér, aéris; m., air. 
aestàs, -tàtis, f., summer. 
aetàs, -tàtis, f., age. 
affero, -ferre, attuli, 
bring. 
ager, agri, m., field. 
agger, aggeris, m., rampart. 
aggredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, 
approach, attack. 
agmen, -minis, n., army (on the 
march); novissimum agmen, 
rear; primum agmen, van. 
ago, agere, egi, actus, do, 
drive, treat ; move forward. 
agricola, -ae, m., farmer. 
ala, -ae, f., wing. 
albus, -a, -um, adj., white. 
alea, -ae, f., a die. 
alias, adv., at another time. 
alibi, adv., at another place. 
alii. . . alii, some. . . others. 
aliquis, aliquid, some one, some- 
thing. 
alius, -a, -ud, gen. alius (often 
alterius), adj., another, other. 
alius. . . alius, one. . . another. 
Allobroges, -um, m., Allobroges. 
almus, -a, -um, adj., nourishing. 
alter, altera, alterum, the other. 
alter. . . alter, the one... the other. 


allatus, 


act, 


275 


276 


altitüdo, -inis, f., height, depth. 

altus, -a, -um, adj., high, deep, tall. 

Ambiàni, -órum, m., Ambiani. 

ambul6, -àre, -àvi, -atus, walk. 

America, -ae, f., America. 

amicitia, -ae, f., friendship. 

amicus, -a, -um, adj., friendly. 

amicus, -i, m., friend. 

amitt6,  -ere,  àmisi, 
send. away, lose. 

amo, -are, -àvi, -àtus, love. 

amoenus, -a, -um, pleasant, delight- 
ful. 

amplius, adv., more. 

an, conj., or. 

Andecomborius, -i, m., à promi- 
nent man among the Remi. 

angustus, -a, -um, narrow. 

anguste, adv., closely. 

animadverto, -ere, 
notice. 

animal, -àlis, n., animal. 

animus, -1, m., mind, heart, spirit; 
esse in animo, £o intend. 

annon, or not. 

annus, -1, m., year. 

ante, adv., before, ago. 

ante, prep. (with acc.), before. 

antepono, -ere, -posui, -positus, 
place before, prefer. . 

antiquitus, adv., in ancient times. 

antiquus, -a, -um, ancient. , 

anulus, -i, m., finger-ring. 

apertus, -a, -um, uncovered. 

Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo. 

appello, -àre, -àvi, -atus, address, 
call, name. s 

Appius, -a, -um, Appian. 

appropinquo, -àre, -àvi, -atus, ap- 
proach. 

apud, prep., among. 


amissus, 


-ti,  -sus, 


LATIN LESSONS 


aqua, -ae, f., water. 

aquaeductus, -üs, m., aqueduct. 

aquila, -ae, f., eagle, standard. 

Aquitania, -ae, f., Aquitania. 

Aquitànus, -i, m., an Aquitanian. 

ara, -ae, f., altar. | 

arbitror, -àri, -àtus sum, think. 

arbor, -oris, f., tree. 

arduum, -1, n., difficulty. 

aridum, -i, n., dry land. 

aridus, -a, -um, dry. 

arma, -oórum, n., 
ments of war. 

armatus, -a, -um, armed. 

armilla, -ae, f., armlet, bracelet. 

aro, -are, -àvi, -atus, plow. 

ars, artis, f., art, skill. 

artificium, -i, n., art, trade. 

aspera, -orum, n., difficulties. 

astrum, -i, n., star. 

atque, conj. (same as ac), and 
also. 

Atrebàs, -atis, m., an Atrebatian; 
pl. Atrebatians. 

atrium, -i, n., atriwm (the princi- 
pat apartment of a Roman 
house). 

atrociter, adv., fiercely, cruelly. 

atting6, -ere, attigi, attactus, 
touch, border on. 

attribuo, -uere, -ui, -ütus, assign. 

auctor, -oris, m., author. 

auctoritas, -tatis, f., 
influence. | 

audacter, adv., boldly. 

audeo, -ére, ausus sum, dare. 

audio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hear, hear 
of. 

aureus, -a, -um, golden. 

auris, -is, f., ear. 

Aurunculéius, -i, m., Auruncu- 


arms, imple- 


authority, 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 2T 


leius Cotta, a lieutenant of 
Caesar. 

aut, conj., or; aut... aut, either 
SOROP 

autem, conj., but, moreover. 

auxilium, -i, n., aid, help; pl., 
auxiliary forces, troops. 

aveó, -ére, —, —, in the impera- 
ative, ave, hail. 

Axona, -ae, f., the Aisne (river). 


B 


barbari, -órum, m., foreigners. 

Belgae, -àarum, m., Belgians. 

Bellovaci, -órum, m., Bellovaci. 

bellum, -i, n., war. 

bene, adv., well. 

Bibrax, -actis, f., Bibraz, a town 
of the Remi. 

biennium, -i, n., period of two 
years. 

bis, num. adj., twice. 

bonus, -a, -um (comp., melior; 
sup., optimus), adj., good. 

Bratuspantium, -i, n., a strong- 
hold of the Bellovaci. 

brevis, -e, adj., short, brief. 

Britanni, -orum, m., Britons. 

Britannia, -ae, f., Britain. 

Brütus, -1, m., Brutus. 


C 


C., abbreviation for Gaius, -i, m., 
(Eng.) Caius. 

caedes, -is, f., slaughter. 

caelestes, -ium, m., gods. 

Caemani, -órum, m., a small state 
in Belgie Gaul. 

Caerósi, -drum, m., a people in 
Belgie Gaul. 

Caesar, -aris, m., Caesar. 


calamitàs, -tatis, f., calamity. 

calathus, -1, m., basket. 

Caleti, -drum, m., a tribe living 
near the mouth of the Sequana. 

Campanus, -a, -um, of Campania. 

canis, -is, m. and f., dog. 

cantilena, -ae, f., old song. 

capio, -ere, -cépi, -captus, take, 
seize, capture. 

Capitolium, -i, n., Capitoline hill. 

captivus, -i, m., captive. 

captivus, -a, -um, adj., captive. 

capto, -are, -àvi, -àtus, catch. 

caput, -itis, n., head. 

caritas, -àtis, f., esteem. 

carmen, -minis, n., song, poem. 

Carolus, -i, m., Charles. 

carpo, -ere, -si, -tus, grasp. 

carrus, -1, m., cart, wagon. 

Carthago, -inis, f., Carthage (a 
city in Africa). 

carus, -a, -um, adj., dear. 

Cassius, -i, m., Cassius. 

castellum, -i, n., stronghold. 

castra, -Orum, n., camp. 

Catilina, -ae, m., Catiline. 

Cato, -onis, m., Caio. 

cauda, -ae, f., tail. 

causa, -ae, f., cause, reason. 

causà (with gen.), for the sake 
of. 

caveo, -ére, càvi, cautus, beware. 

cedo, -ere, «essi, cessürus, yield. 

celebró, are, -avi, -atus, practice, 
engage in; celebrate. 

celer, celeris, celere, adj., quick, 
swift. 

celeritàs, -tàtis, f., swiftness. 

celeriter, adv., quickly. 

celo, -are, -àvi, -atus, conceal. 

Celtae, -àrum, m., Celts. 


278 


centum, indecl. num., one hun- 
dred. 

centuri6, -ónis, m., centurion. 

certé, adv., certainly. 

certus, -a, -um, adj., certain; 
certiorem facere, inform. 

céterus, -a, -um, adj., the other. 

Christus, -1, m., Christ. 

Cicero, -ónis, m., Cicero. 

Cincinnatus, -i, m., Cincinnatus. 

circiter, adv., about. 

circum, prep. (with acc.), around, 
about; adv., about, around. 

circumicio, -ere, -iéci, -iectus, 
place around. 

circumsisto, -ere, -steti, —, stand 
around. 

circumspicio, -ere, -exi, -ectus, 
look around. 

circumvenio, -ire, -véni, -ventus, 
come around. 

cis, prep. (with aee.), on this side 
of. 

citerior, -ius, ad]., hither. 

cito, adv., quickly. 

civis, -is, m. and f., citizen. 

civitàs, -tàtis, f., state. 

clàmo, -àre, -àvi, -atus, call, cry out. 

clàmor, -óris, m., shout, noise. 

clarus, -a, -um, clear, honorable. 

classis, -is, f., a fleet. 

claudó, -ere, clausi, 
shut, close. 

clementia, -ae, f., clemency. 

coémo, -emere, -émi, -émptus, 
buy. 

coepi, -isse (def., found mainly 
in perfect stem tenses), began. 

cogito, -are, -àvi, -atus, consider. 

cognóscó, -ere, -nóvi, -nitus, be- 
come acquainted. with, learn. 


clausus, 


LATIN LESSONS 


COgO, -ere, coegi, coactus, collect, 
compel. 

cohors, cohortis, f., cohort (the 
tenth part of a legion). 

cohortor, -àri, -atus sum, 
courage. 

collis, -is, m., hill. 

colloco, -are, -àvi, -àtus, place 
together, arrange. 

colo, colere, colui, cultus, culti- 
vate, worship. 

columna, -ae, f., column, pillar. 

combüro, -ere, -ussi, -üstus, 
burn. 

comedo, -ere, -edi, -ésus, eat up. 

comes, -itis, m. and f., companion, 
associate. 

commeatus, -üs, m., supplies. 

commilito, -oónis, m., fellow 
soldier, comrade. 

committo, -ere, -misi, -missus, 
join; committere proelium, 
join battle, begin an engagement. 

Commius, -i, m., Commius. 

commoveo, -ére, -movi, -motus, 
disturb, alarm. 

communis, -e, adj., common. 

comparo, -are, -àvi, -atus, pre- 
pare. 

compleo, -ére, 
cover, complete. 

compluirés, -a, adj., several, very 
many. 

compos, -otis, adj., having control. 

conatus, -üs, m., attempt. 

concedo, -ere, -cessi, 
yield. 

concido, -ere, cidi, —, fall, be slain. 

concordia, -ae, f., concord. 

concurr6o, -ere, -cucurri, -cursus, 
run together. 


e€n- 


-évi, -étus, fill, 


-cessus, 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 279 


concursus, -üs, m., onset. 

condo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, form, 
found, establish. 

Condrüsi, -órum, m., a Belgic 
tribe. 


condücoó, -ere, -düxi, -ductus, 
bring together. 

confero, -ferre, -tuli, collatus, 
bring together, collect; (with 


sé), to betake one's self. 

conficio, -ere, -féci, -fectus, do 
thoroughly, accomplish, furnish. 

confirmo, -are, -àvi, -àtus, de- 
clare, arrange for, strengthen, 
assert. 

confligo, -ere, -flixi, -flictus, fight, 
contend. 

congrego, -are, -avi, -atus, gather, 
collect. 

conicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus, hurl 
together, hurl. 

coniungo, -ere, -iünxi, -iünctus, 
join together, unite. 


coniüro, -are, -àvi, -àtus, con- 
spire. 

conor, -ari, -atus sum, (ry, .at- 
tempt. 


conscribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scriptus, 
enroll, enlist, levy. 

consensus, -üs, m., agreement. 

consentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensus, 
agree, conspire. 

conservo, -are, -àvi, -atus, spare, 
preserve. 

consido, -ere, sédi, —, encamp, 
settle. 

consilium, 
counsel. 

consimilis, -e, adj., very like. 

consisto,  -sistere, -stiti, J 
stand, make a stand. 


-i, n., plan, advice, 


conspectus, -üs, m., sight, view, 
presence. 

conspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus, 
observe. 

conspicor, -àri, -atus sum, see. 

constanter, adv., uniformly. 

constat (impers.), i£ is evident. 

constituo, -ere, -stitui, -stitütus, 
determine, found, station, draw 
up in line, erect, settle; of ships, 
moor. 

constitütio, -dnis, f., constitution. 

consuéscóo, -ere, -évi, -étus, be 
accustomed. 

consuétüdo, -inis, f., habit, cus- 
tom. 

consul, -ulis, m., consul. M 

contendo, -ere, -di, -tentus, has- 
ten, contend. 

continenter, adv., constantly. 

contineo, -ére, -ui, -tentus, hold 
together, hem in, keep in. 

contrà, adv., against, opposite. 

controversia, -ae, f., dispute. 

convenio, -ire, -véni, -ventus, 
assemble. 

conventus, -üs, m., assembly, meet- 
ing. 

convoco, -are, -àvi, 
together, summon. 

copia, -ae, f., abundance, plenty, 
supply; pl., forces. 

Cornelia, -ae, f., Cornelia. 

cornü, -üs, n., horn; wing (of an 
army). 

coróno, -are, -avi, -atus, crown. 

corpus, -oris, n., body. 

cotidiànus, -a, -um, adj., daily. 

cotidie, adv., daily. 

Cotta, -ae, see Aurunculéius. 

Crassus, -1, m., Crassus. 


-atus, call 


280 


créber, -bra, -brum, adj., frequent, 
numerous. 

créd6, -ere, -didi, -ditus, trust, 
believe. 

crésco, -ere, 
crease. 

cruciátus, -üs, m., torture. 

culp6, -àre, -àvi, -atus, blame, 
censure. 

cultus, -üs, m., civilization. 

cum, prep. (with abl.), with ; conj., 
when, since, although. 

cum primum, as soon as. 

cunctans, -ntis, adj., hesitating, 
delaying. 

cur, adv., why? wherefore ? 

curo, -are, -avi, -atus, cure. 

curro, -ere, cucurri, cursus, 
run. 

cüstódio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, watch. 

cüstos, -ddis, m., guard, watch, 
keeper. 


crévi, crétus, in- 


D 


dé, prep. (with abl.), about, con- 
cerning, from. 

dea, -ae, f., goddess. 

debeo, -ére, -ui, -itus, ought, 
must, (followed by infin.). 

decem, num. adj. (indecl.), £en. 

decimus, -a, -um, num. adj., 
tenth. 

decipio, -ere, -cépi, -ceptus, de- 
ceive. 

decorus, -a, -um, fitting, seemly. 

decretum, -i, n., decree, decision. 

deditio, -onis, f., surrender. 

dedo, -ere, didi, -ditus, give up, 
surrender. ) 

dedüco, -ere, -düxi, -ductus, lead 
down, conduct. 


LATIN LESSONS 


defendo, -ere, 
defend, guard. 

defensio, -ónis, f., defense. 

defensor, -oris, m., defender. 

defessus, -a, -um, adj. tired, 
weary, worn out. 

déficio, -ere, -féci, -fectus, fail, 
desert. 

déicio, -icere, -iéci, -iectus, throw 
down, disappoint. 

déled, -ére, -évi, -étus, destroy. 

déliber6, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, con- 
sult. 

deligó, -ere, -légi, -léctus, choose 
from, gather, select. 

démonstro, -àre, -àvi, -atus, point 
out, explain. 

depello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus, drive 
away, ward off. 

dépopulor, -àri, -àtus sum, lay 
waste, plunder. 

déprecor, -àri, -àtus sum, beg to 
escape, ask for quarter. 

descendo, -ere, -di, -sus, descend. 

désertus, -a, -um, adj. deserted. 

desilio, -ire, -ui, -ultus, leap down. 

desisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitus, leave 
off, cease. 

déspéroó, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, despair. 

deus, -1, m., god. 

devoveo, -ére, -vóvi, -vótus, vow, 
consecrate. 

dexter, -tra, -trum, adj., right, 
right hand. 

dico, -ere, dixi, dictus, say, speak. 

dictator, -6ris, m., dictator. 

dictit6, -are, -àvi, -atus, say re- 
peatedly. 

diés, -éi, m. and f., day; multo 
die, late in the day; postero die, 
the following day. 


-fendi, -fénsus, 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 


differo, -ferre, distuli, dilatus, 
scatter, differ. 
difficilis, -e, adj., difficult. 
difficultas, -tatis, f., difficulty. 
diligenter, adv., carefully, dili- 
gently. 
diligentia, -ae, f., diligence, care. 
dimico, -àre, -àvi, -atus, fight. 
dimittó, -ere, -misi, -missus, send 
in different directions, dismiss, 
lose. 
discéd6, -ere, -cessi, -cessürus, 
go apart, scatter, depart, leave. 
disciplina, -ae, f., instruction. 
discipulus, -1, m., pupil. - 
disputo, -are, -àvi, -atus, discuss. 
dissimilis, -e, adj., unlike. 
dissitus, -a, -um, ad]., remote. 
distineo, -ére, -tinui, -tentus, 
keep apart, separate. 


diü, diütius, diütissime, adv., 
long, for a long time; quam diü, 
. how long. 


divido, -ere, -visi, -visus, divide. 
divinus, -a, -um, divine, sacred. 
Diviciacus, -i, Diviciácus, an Aed- 
uan of great influence. 
do, -are, dedi, datus, give; in 
fugam dare, to put to flight. 
doceo, -ére, -ui, doctus, teach, 
show. 
domesticus, -a, -um, domestic. 
domina, -ae, f., mistress, matron. 
dominus, -i, m., master, lord. 
domus, -üs, f. (locative, domi), 
house, home. 
donum, -1, n., gift, present. 
dràma, -atis, n., drama, play. 
Druidés, -um, m., Druids. 
dubius, -a, -um, doubtful. 
ducenti, -ae, -a, two hundred. 


281 


düco, -ere, düxi, ductus, lead, con- 
sider. 

dulcis, -e, adj., pleasant, sweet. 

dum, conj., while, until. 

duo, duae, duo, adj., two. 

duodecim, twelve. 

duodeviginti, eighteen. 

dürus, -a, -um, hard. 

dux, ducis, m., leader, guide. 


E 


é or ex, prep. (with abl.), out of, 
from, on account of. 

Eburónés, -um, m., 
tribe. 

ecce, adv., behold. 

edoceo, -ére, -cul, 
form, instruct. 

éduco, -are, -àvi, 
educate. 

édüco, -ere, édtixi, 
out. 

effero, -ferre, extuli, élatus, bring 
out, carry away, produce. 

efficio, -ere, -féci, -fectus, accom- 
plish, bring about. 

ego, mei, pers. pron., /. 

egredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, 
go out, disembark. 

eició, eicere, eieci, eiectus, cast 
out, expel. 

éléctus, -a, -um, chosen, picked. 

emptor, -oris, m., buyer. 

Ennius, -i, m., Ennius. 

ensis, -is, m., sword. 

eó, ire, ii (ivi), itürus, go. 

ed, adv., there. 

epistula, -ae, f., a letter, an epistle. 

epulae, àrum, pl., feast, banquet. 

eques, -itis, m., horseman, knight ; 
pl., cavalry. 


a Belgie 


-doctus, in- 
-atus, train, 


éductus, lead 


282 


equester, -tris, -tre, adj., of 
cavalry. 

equitatus, -üs, m., cavalry. 

equus, -i, m., horse. 

erro, -are, -avi, -atus, err. 

et, conj., and, also; et. 
DOL ean: 

etiam, adv., also, even. 

exaudio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hear. 

excelsus, -a, -um, adj., 
lofty. 

excit6, -are, -àvi, -atus, rowse. 

exemplum, -i, n., example. 

exeo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itus, go owt, 
withdraw. 

exercitus, -üs, m., army. 

eximius, -a, -um, distinguished, 
excellent. 

existimo, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, think, 
reckon. 

expeditus, 
bered. 

expello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus, drive 
out. 

experientia, -ae, f., experience. 

explorator, -dris, m., scout, spy. 

expóno, -ere, -posul, positus, set 
out, array. 

expugno, -are, -àvi, -atus, take 
by storm. 

exterus, -a, -um, adj., outer, last; 
ad extremum, at the end, 

finally. 

extra, prep., outside, beyond. 


. et, 


high, 


-a, -um, wnincum- 


F 
fabula, -ae, f., story. 
fac, imperative of facio. 
facies, -é1, f., appearance, sight. 
facile, adv., easily. 
facilis, -e, adj., easy. 


LATIN LESSONS 


facio, -ere, feci, factus, make, 
do, accomplish ; with iter, march. 

factum, -i, n., deed. 

facultas, -tatis, f., 
ability. 

fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsus, disap- 
point, deceive. 

familiaris, -e, adj., belonging to 
the family. 

fas, indecl. n., right, justice. 

femina, -ae, f., woman. 

fenestra, -ae, f., window. 

feràx, -àcis, adj., fertile, produc- 
live. 

fere, adv., almost, quite. 

ferialis, -e, adj., festival. 

fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, carry, 
report, say. 

fertilitàs, -atis, f., fertility. 

festino, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, make 
haste. 

festus, -a, -um, adj. festive, joyous, 
(of a) holiday. 

fidelis, -e, adj., faithful, loyal. 

fides, -ei, f., faith, pledge, con- 
fidence. 

fidus, -a, -um, faithful, reliable. 

filia, -ae, f., daughter. 

filius, -1, m., son. 

fini6, -ire, -ivi, itus, limit, stop, put 
an end to. 

finis, -is, m., end; pl., territory. 

finitimi, -drum, m., neighbors. 

finitimus, -a, -um, adj., neigh- 
boring. 

fio, fieri, factus sum, become, be 
made, happen. 

firmus, -a, -um, adj., firm, solid. 

fleo, flere, flevi, flétus,. weep, 
lament. 

floreóo, -ére, ul,—, flourish, prosper. 


opportunity, 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 


flos, floris, m., flower. 

fluctus, -üs, m., wave, billow. 

flümen, -inis, n., river. 

fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxus, flow. 

focus, -1, m., hearth. 

fons, fontis, m., fountain. 

formo, -àre, -àvi, -atus, form. 

fortis, -e, adj., brave. 

fortiter, adv., bravely. 

fortüna, -ae, f., fortune. 

forum, fori, m., forum. 

fossa, -ae, f., ditch, trench. 

frater, -tris, m., brother. 

frümentàrius, -a, -um, adj. of 
grain; with res, supply of grain. 

frümentum, -1, n., grain. 

fruor, frui, früctus sum, enjoy. 

früstrà, adv., in vain. 

fuga, -ae, f., flight. 

fugio, -ere, fügi, —, flee. 

fümus, -1, m., smoke. 

funditor, -oris, m., slinger. 

fungor, fungi, fünctus sum, per- 
form. ; 


G 


Gaius, -i, m., Gaius. 

Galba, -ae, m., Galba. 

Galli, -6rum, m., Gauls. 

Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul. 

Gallicus, -a, -um, adj., Gallic, of 
Gaul. 


Garumna, -ae, f., the Garonne 
(river). 

gaudeo, -ére, gavisus sum, re- 
joíce. 


Genava, -ae, f., Geneva. 
generalis, -e, adj., general. 
gens, gentis, f., family, nation. 
genus, -eris, n., kind, class. 
Germania, -ae, f., Germany. 


283 


Germanus, -a, -um, adj. Ger- 
man. 

Germanus, -i, m., a German. 
gero, -ere, gessi, gestus, carry on, 
wear; with bellum, wage war. 

gladius, -1, m., sword. 

glória, -ae, f., glory. 

Gracchus, -i, m., Gracchus. 

Graecus, -a, -um, adj., Greek. 

granum, -1, n., grain. 

gratia, -ae, f., influence, favor; 
abl., for-the sake of. 

gravis, -e, adj., heavy, severe. 


H 


habeo, -ére, habui, -itus, have, 
hold, consider; with oratio, 
deliver. 

Helvetii, -orum, m., Helvetians. 

Helvétius, -a, -um, adj., Helvetian. 

hiberna, orum, n., winter quarters. 

hic, adv., here. 

hic, haec, hoc, gen., huius, dem. 
pron., this. 

hiemo, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, pass (he 
winler, winter. 

hiems, hiemis, f., winter, stormy 
weather. 

hinc, adv., from this place. 

hodie, adj., today. 

homo, -inis, m. and f., human 
being, man. 

honor, -oris, m., honor, esteem, 
glory. 

hora, -ae, f., hour. 

hortus, -1, m., garden. 

hostis, -is, m., enemy; pl., the 
enemy. 

hic, adv., hither. 

hümaànitas, -atis, f., refinement, 
humanity. 


284 


himanus, -a, -um, adj., human. 
humus, -i, f., earth, soil; grave. 


I 

iació, -ere, iéci, 
throw up, banish. 

iam, adv., already. 

ianitor, -oris, m., 
porter. 

ianua, -ae, f., door. 

ibi, adv., there, in that place. 

Iccius, -i, m., a leader of the Remi. 

idem, eadem, idem, dem. pron., 
same. 

idóneus, -a, -um (comp., magis 
idoneus; sup., maxime ido- 
neus), adj., fit, suitable. 

Iesus, -1, m., Jesus. 

igitur, conj., therefore. 

ignis, -is, m., fire. 

ignótus, -a, -um, adj., unknown. 

ille, illa, illud, dem. pron., that. 

illo, adv., to that place. 

immolo, -àre, -àvi, -atus, sacrifice. 

immortàlis, -e, adj., 4mmortal. 

impáàr, -paris, adj., unequal. 

impedimentum, -i, n., hindrance; 
pl., heavy baggage. 

impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hinder. 

impello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus, urge 
on, incite. 

impendeo, -ére, —, —, hang over. 

imperator, -6ris, m., commander- 
in-chief, general, emperor. 

imperáàtum, -i, n. command, 
order. 

imperium, -i, n., command, con- 
trol, military authority, empire. 

imper6, -are, -àvi, -atus, order 
(governs dat., followed by ut 
with the subjunctive). x 


iactus, throw, 


doorkeeper, 


LATIN LESSONS 


impetro, -are, -àvi, -àtus, obtain 


by request. 
impetus, -üs, m., attack. 
impluvium, -i n. impluvium 


(the square basin in which the 
rain water was received). 
impudens, -ntis, adj., impudent. 
impüne, adv., without punishment. 
in, prep. (with abl.), in, on, upon, 
across, over; (with ace.), into, 
against, upon. 
incendo, -ere, -cendi, -cénsus, set 
on fire, burn. 
incipio, -ere, -cépi, -ceptus, begin, 
undertake. ; 
inclüdo, -ere, -si, -sus, keep in. 
incola, -ae, f., inhabitant. 
incol6, -ere, -ui, —, (intrans.), live, 
dwell; (trans.), inhabit, dwell in. 
incrédibilis, -e, adj., incredible. 
ineo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itus, enter, 


begin. 
Infero, -ferre, intuli, illatus, 
bring in, upon, or against; 


bellum inferre, make war on; 
signa inferre, advance (to the 
attack). 

inferus, -1, m., inhabitant of the 
lower world. 

inferus, -a, -um (comp., inferior; 
sup., infimus or imus), adj., 
low. 

infinitum, -1, n., that which is 
boundless, infinity. 

influo, -ere, -fluxi, -fluxus, flow 
into. 

inimicus, -a, -um, adj., unfriendly. 

inimicus, -1, m., a personal enemy. 

iniquus, -a, -um, uneven, unfavor- 
able. 

initium, -1, n., beginning. 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 285 


iniüria, -ae, f., injury, wrong. 

inopia, -ae, f., want, scarcity. 

inquam, inquis, inquit, say. 

insidiae, -àrum, f., ambush. 

insidior, -ari, -àtus sum, lie in 
wait. 

institütum, -1, n., anstitution, cus- 
tom. 

instruo, -ere, -strüxi, -strüctus, 
draw up, construct, furnish. 

insula, -ae, f., island. 

intellegó, -ere, -éxi, -léctus, wn- 
derstand. 

inter, prep. (with acc.), between, 
among. 

intercéd6, -ere, -cessi, -cessürus, 
intervene. 

intereà, adv., in the meantime, 

. meanwhile. 

interest, impers., if concerns. 

interficio, -ere, -féci, -fectus, kill. 

interim, adv., in the meantime. 

interior, -ius (sup., intimus), adj., 
inner. 

interscindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissus, 
cut down, destroy. — 

intersum, -esse, -fui, take part 
in. 

intro, -are, -àvi, -atus, enter. 

introdüco, -ere, -düxi, -ductus, 
lead into. ’ 

inttilis, -e, adj., useless. 

inventor, -Oris, m., inventor. 

invictus, -a, -um, adj., wncon- 
querable, invincible. 

invitus, -a, -um, adj., wnwilling. 

invoco, -are, -àvi, -atus, call upon, 
invoke. 

iocus, -i, m., joke. 

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, gen., ipsius, 
dem. pron., self, himself, etc. 


is, ea, id, gen., eius, dem. pron., 
that, he. 

iste, ista, istud, gen., istius, dem. 
pron., that, that of yours. 

ita, adv., so (manner). 

Italia, -ae, f., Italy. 

itaque, adv., and so. 

item, adv., in like manner. 

iter, itineris, n., journey, march. 

iubeo, -ére, iussi, iussus, order, 
command. 

iücundus, -a, -um, adj., joyful. 

Iüdaei, -oórum, m., Jews. 

iüdex, -icis, m., judge. 

iüdicium, -1, n., decision. 

iüdico, -are, -àvi, -àátus, judge. 

iugum, -i, n., yoke, (of mountains) 
ridge, summit. 

Tilia, -ae, f., Julia. 

iümentum, -i, n., beast of burden. 

iungó, -ere, iünxi, iünctus, join. 

Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter. 

Iüra, -ae, m., Jura (a range of 
mountains). 

iüs, iüris, n., right, law. 

ius iürandum, iüris iürandl, n., 
oath. 

iüstitia, -ae, f., justice. 

iuvenis, -e (comp., iünior; sup., 
minimus nati), adj., young. 

iuventüs, -ütis, f., youth. 

iuvó, -àre, iüvi, iütus, help, aid, 
assist. 

L 

L. = Licius. 

Labienus, -i, m., Titus Labienus, 
Caesar's lieutenant. 

labor, -óris, m., toil, labor. 

laboro, -àre, -àvi, -atus, labor. 

lacessó, -ere, -ivi, -itus, arouse, 
provoke, harm. 


286 


lacus, -üs, m , lake. 

laetitia, -ae, f., joy. 

lapis, -idis, m., stone. 

lapsus, -üs, m., a slip, error. 
late, adv., widely. 

latitudo, -inis, f., width. 

latus, -eris, n., side. 

latus, -a, -um, adj., broad, wide. 
laudo, -àre, -àvi, -atus, praise. 
laus, laudis, f., praise. 

lectus, -1, m., couch, bed. 


legatus, -1, m., lieutenant, am- 
bassador. 

legio, -dnis, f., legion. 

lego, -ere, legi, léctus, read, 
choose. 


Lemannus, -i, m., Geneva. 
lente, adv., slowly. 

Lentulus, -i, m., Lentulus. 
lepus, -oris, m., hare. 

levis, -e, adj., light (in weight). 
lex, legis, f., law. 

libenter, adv., gladly. 

liber, libri, m., book. 

liber, -era, -erum, adj., free. 
liberi, -órum, m., children. 
libero, -are, -àvi, -àtus, set free. 


libertàs, -atis, f., freedom, liberty. | mandatum, 1, 


licet, -ére, -uit, impers. (with 
dat.), it is permitted. 

limen, -inis, n., threshold. 

lingua, -ae, f., tongue, language. 

littera, -ae, f., letter of the alphabet ; 
pl., letter, an epistle, literature. 

litus, -oris, n., shore (of the sea). 

locus, -i, m., pl., loca, n., place, 
location. 

longé, adv., far, by far; 
longé, how far. 

longitüdo, -inis, f., length. 

longus, -a, -um, adj., long, tall. 


quam 


LATIN LESSONS 


loquor, loqui, locütus sum, speak, 
say. 

lidus, -1, m., game, play. 

lümen, -inis, n., light. 

lana, -ae, f., moon. 

lux, lücis, f., light. 


M 
maculo, -are, -àvi, 
spoil. 

Maecenas, -atis, m., Maecenas, 
a famous Roman patron of let- 
ters, hence any patron of letters. 

magister, -tri, m., teacher. 

magnitüdo, -inis, f., greatness, size. 

magnopere (comp., magis; sup., 
maxime), adv., greatly. 

magnus, -a, -um (maior, maxi- 
mus), adj., large, great. 

maiorés, -um, m. pl., forefathers. 
ancestors. 

maleficium, -i, n., harm. 

mal6, malle, màlui (magis and 
volo), prefer. 

malum, -i, n., evil. 

malus, -a, -um, (comp., peior; 
sup., pessimus), adj., bad. 


-atus, spot, 


n., commission, 
order. 
mando, -are, -àvi, -atus, com- 
mand. 
maneo, -ére, mansi, mansus, 
remaan. 


mànsueétüdo, -inis, f., compassion. 

manus, -üs, f., hand, band. 

Marcus, -1, m., Marcus. 

mare, -is, n., sea. 

marmoreus, -a, -um, adj., made oj 
marble. 

Mars, Martis, m., Mars. 

mater, -tris, f., mother. 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 287 


Matrona, -ae, f., Marne (river). 

mátüro, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, make 
haste, hasten. 

maximé, see magnopere. 

medius, -a, -um, adj., middle; 
media nocte, midnight; medio 
colle, halfway up the hill. 

mei (gen.), reflex. pron., 
myself. 

membrum, -i, n., limb. 

memoria, -ae, f., memory. 

Menapii, -drum, m., a Belgie 
people. a“ 

méns, mentis, f., mind, purpose. 

mensa, -ae, f., table. ( 

mercator, -oris, m., merchant. 

mercàtüra, -ae, f., trade. 

Mercurius, -i, m., Mercury. 

mereoó, -ére, -ul, -itus, deserve. 

meridies, -ei, m., midday, noon. 

meus, -a, -um, poss. pron., my, 
mine. 

miles, -itis, m., soldier. 

milia, -ium, n., thousands. 

mille, adj., indecl., a thousand. 

Minerva, -ae, f., Minerva. 

ministro, -àre, -àvi, -atus, attend. 

ministerium, -i, n., office, service. 

minor, less; see parvus. 

minus, adv., less, not. 

mirabilis, -e, adj., wonderful. 

miser, -era, -erum, adj., wretched. 

mitto, -ere, misi, missus, send. 

modus, -i, m., manner. 

moenia, -ium, n., fortifications, 
walls of a city. 

molestus, -a, -um, adj., írouble- 
some, irksome. 

moneo, -ére, -ui, -itus, advise, 
warn. 

mons, montis, m., mountain. 


of 


monstro, -àre, -àvi, -àtus; show. 

montanus, -1, m., mountaineer. 

monumentum, -i, n., monument. 

mora, -ae, f., delay. 

morbus, -i, m., disease, sickness. 

Morini, -6rum, m., a Belgie 
people. 

morior, mori, mortuus sum, die. 

moror, -àri, -atus sum, delay. 

mors, mortis, f., death. 

mos, moris, m., custom; 
character, manners, habits. 

motus, -üs, m., movement, revolt. 

moveo, -ére, movi, motus, move; 
with castra, break up. 

mox, adv., soon. 

mulier, -eris, f., woma: - 

multitüdo, -inis, f., great number, 
multitude. 

multus, -a, -um, much; pl., many. 

mundus, -1, m., world. 

muünio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, fortify. 

muünitio, -onis, f., fortification. 

mürus, -i, m., wall. 

müto, -are, -àvi, -àtus, change. 


pl., 


N 


nam, conj., for. 

narro, -àre, -àvi, -atus, tell. 

náscor, nasci, natus sum, be born. 

Nasica, -ae, m., Nasica. 

Naso, onis, m., Naso, P. Ovidius 
Naso, the Roman poet, Ovid. 

natid, -dnis, f., nation. 

natura, -ae, f., nature. 

nauta, -ae, m., sailor. 

navig6, -are, -àvi, -atus, sail. 

navis, -is, f., ship. 

Nazarénus, -a, -um, of Nazareth. 

né, conj., that not, lest; ne, in- 
terrog. particle (enclitic); né 


288 


. . . quidem, not. . . even, the 
emphatie word standing be- 
tween né and quidem. 

nec, conj., and not. 

nego, -are, -àvi, -àtus, deny, say 
not. 

negotium, -i, n., business, trouble. 

nemo, —, dat., némini, m., no one. 

neque, conj., neither; neque... 
neque, neither . . . nor. 

Nervii, -orum, m., the Nervi, a 
warlike Belgie people. 
neuter, -tra, -trum, gen., 

trius, adj., neither. 
niger, -gra, -grum, adj., black. 
nihil, also nil, indecl., n., nothing. 
nisi, conj., if not, unless, except. 
nobilis, -e, adj., noble, high rank. 
noceo, -ére, -ui, —, do harm, in- 
jure. 
nolo, nolle, nolui, to be unwilling. 
nomen, -inis, n., name. 
non, adv., not. 
nondum, adv., not yet. 
nonne, interrog. particle, 
pecting the answer “‘ yes.” 
nonnillus, -a, -um, adj., some. 
nónnumquam, adv., sometimes. 
non solum, . . . sed etiam, adv., 
not only, . . . but also. 
nos, nostrum, pron., we. 
nosco, -ere, novi, notus, learn, 
know. 
noster, -tra, -trum, poss. pron., 
our, ours. 
noto, -are, 
note. 
notus, -a, -um, adj. familiar. 
novem, num. adj., indecl., nine. 
Noviodünum, -i, n., a town of the 
Suessiones. 


neu- 


ex- 


-avi, -àtus, mark, 


LATIN LESSONS 


novissimi, -drum, m., those in the 
rear. 

novus, -a, -um, adj., new; novus 
miles, recruit. 

nox, noctis, f., night. 

nubila, -órum, n., clouds. 

nüdo, -àre, -àvi, -atus, 
leave unprotected. 

nüllus, -a, -um, gen., nüllius, adj., 
no, none, no one. 

num, interrog. particle, expect- 
ing the answer **no" ; whether. 

nümen, -inis, n., divinity. 

numerus, -i, m., number, account. 

numquam, adv., never. 

nunc, adv., now. 

nüntio, -are, -àvi, 
nounce, report. 

nüntius, -1, m., messenger, message. 


strip, 


-atus, an- 


O 
ob, prep. with ace., on account 


of. 

obdüco, -ere, -düxi, -ductus, ez- 
tend. 

obses, -idis, m. and f., hostage, 
pledge, security. 

obtempero, -àre, -àvi, -atus, obey. 

occasus, -üs, m., setting. 

occido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus, 
slay. 

occulto, -are, -àvi, -atus, hide. 

occupo, -are, -avi, -atus, seize, 
take possession of. 

occurr6, -ere, -curri, 
meet. 

octo, num. adj., indecl., eight. 

officium, -i, n., office, official em- 
ployment, duty. 

olus, -eris, n., vegetables, greens. 

omen, -inis, n., omen. 


kill, 


-cursus, 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 289 


omnino, adv., in all. 

omnis, -e, adj., all, every. 

onus, -eris, n., burden, weight. 

opera, -ae, f., work. 

operor, -àri, -àtus sum, work. 

opinio, -onis, f., belief, reputation, 
expectation. 

- oppidani, -orum, m., townspeople. 

oppidum, -1, n., town. 

opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus, 
weigh down. 

oppugnáàtio, -onis, f., assault, be- 
sieging. 

oppugno, -are, -àvi, -atus, storm, 
attack, besiege. 

optimus, excellent; see bonus. 

opus, operis, n., work, labor. 

ora, -ae, f., coast; Ora maritima, 
sea coast. 

6ratid, -dnis, f., speech, oration. 

ordino, -are, -àvi, -àtus, appoint, 
settle. 

ordo, -inis, m., rank, order, row. 


orior, oririj ortus sum, spring 
from, rise. 

ornàmentum, -i, n., ornament, 
jewel. 

orno, -are, -àvi, -atus, adorn. 

ostendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentus, 
show. 


ostium, -i,n., door, entrance. 


P 


pabulum, -i, n., fodder. 

paco, -are, -àvi, -atus, pacify, sub- 
due. 

paene, adv., almost, nearly. 

pagina, -ae, f., page. 

Palatium, -i, n., Palatine hill. 

palma, -ae, f., palm, reward. 

palüs, -üdis, f., swamp, marsh. 


pando,  -ere, pandi, 
stretch out. 

parco, ere, peperci, parsus, to spare. 

par, paris, adj., equal. 

paréns, -entis, m. and f., parent. 

pared, -ére, -ui, —, obey. 

pariés, -etis, m., wall (of a house). 

paro, -are, -àvi, -atus, prepare. 

pars, partis, f., part, side, direc- 
tion. 

parum (comp., minus; sup. min- 
ime), adv., little, too little. 

parvulus, -a, -um, tiny. 

parvus, -a, -um (comp., minor; 
sup., minimus), adj., small. 

passus, -üs, m., pace; mille 
passus, a mile. 

pated, -ére, -ui, —, lie open, ex- 
tend. 

pater, -tris, m., father. 

patior, pati, passus sum, suffer, 
permit. 

patria, -ae, f., native land. 

pauci, -ae, -a, adj., few. 

paulisper, adv., for a short time. 

paulo, adv., by a little, a little. 

paulum, adv., a little, somewhat. 

pax, pacis, f., peace. 

pecünia, -ae, f., riches, wealth. 

pedes, -itis, m., foot soldier; pl., 
infantry. 

Pedius, -i, m., Quintus Pedius. 

peior, peius, worse; see malus. 

pello, -ere, pepulit, pulsus, drive 
out, put to flight, defeat. 

pendo, -ere, pependi, pénsus, pay. 

peninsula, -ae, f., peninsula. 

per, prep. (with ace.), through, by, 
on account of. 

perdüco, -ere, -düxi, 
lead through, construct. 


passus, 


-ductus, 


290 


perfectus, -a, -um, adj., perfect. 

perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, report. 

perficio, -ere, -féci, -fectus, finish. 

periclitor, -àri, -àtus sum, prove, 
make trial of. 

periculum, -i, n., danger, peril. 

peristylium, -i, n., peristyle. 

permitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, 
intrust, commit. 

permoveo, -ére, -movi, -motus, 
alarm, influence. 

perpauci, -ae, -a, adj., very few. 

perrumpo, -ere, -rüpi, -ruptus, 
break through. 

persona, -ae, f., character. 

perspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus, 
look, observe. 

persuaded, -ére, -suasi, -suásus, 
persuade, governs the dat. fol- 
lowed by ut with the sub- 
junctive. 

pertineo, -ére, -ui, —, extend. 

perturbo, -àre, -àvi, -atus, dis- 
turb greatly. 

pervenio, -ire, 
arrive (at). 

pés, pedis, m., foot. 

peto, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itus, seek, 
ask ; takes aec. of the thing and 
abl. of the person. 

Phoebus, -i, m., Phoebus. 

pictüra, -ae, f., picture. 

pilum, -i, n., javelin. 

placeo, -ére, -ui, -itus, please; 
used impersonally, placet, it 
seems good. 

placidus, -a, -um, adj., calm. 

Plancus, -1, m., Plancus. 

plenus, -a, -um, adj., full. 

plerique, -órumque, m., the ma- 
jority, most. 


-véni, -ventus, 


LATIN LESSONS 


plerumque, adv., generally. 

plüres, -ium, adj., more, several. 

plürimus, see multus. 

plüs posse, to be more powerful; 
plürimum posse, ío be most 
powerful, have great influence. 

pluvia, -ae, f., rain. 

poéta, -ae, m., poet. 

polliceor, -éri, -itus sum, promise 
(with fut. infin.). 

Pompéius, -1, m., Pompey. 

pomum, -i, n., fruit, apple. 

pono, -ere, posui, positus, put, 
place; (with castra), pitch. 

pons, pontis, m., bridge. 

pontifex, -icis, m., pontifex (a 
Roman high priest). 

populor, -àri, -atus sum, 
waste, devastate. 

populus, -i, m., people, nation. 

porta, -ae, f., gate. 

porto, -are, -avi, -atus, carry. 

portus, -üs, m., harbor, port. 

poscó, -ere, poposci, — demand. 

possideo, -ére, -sédi, -sessus, 
occupy, possess. 

possum, posse, potui, can, able. 

post, adv., afterwards, after. 

post, prep. (with ace.) (of place), 
behind ; (of time), after. 

posteritàs, -atis, f., posterity. 

posterus, -a, -um (comp., pos- 
terior; sup., postremus), ad]., 
following, last. 

postquam,  conj., 
that. 

postulo, -are, -àvi, -atus, claim, 
demand. 

potens, potentis, adj., powerful. 

potestas, -tatis, f., power, op- 
portunity. 


lay 


after, after 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 


potior, -iri, -itus sum, get posses- 
sion of. 

praeambulo, 
walk before. 

praecédo, -ere, -cessi, -cessürus, 
surpass. 

praeficio, -ere, -féci, -fectus, 
place over or in command of. 

praemitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, 
send. ahead. 

praemium, -i, n., reward. 

praepóno, -ere,  -posul, 
place in command. of. 

praesidium, -i, n., guard, garrison. 

praest6, -are, -stiti, -stitus, excel; 
to be responsible for; impers., 
praestat, it is better; officium 
praestare, to do one’s duty. 

praesum, -esse, -fui, have com- 
mand of, be at the head of. 

praeter, prep. (with acc.), except. 

praeterquam, adv., besides, other 
than. 

premó, -ere, pressi, pressus, press; 
pass., be weighed down. 

primus, -a, -um, adj., first, chief; 
prima lice, at daybreak; quam 
primum, as soon as possible; 
primo, at first. 

princeps, -cipis, m., chief. 

prior, -ius, ad]., former. 

privatus, -a, -um, adj., private. 

pro, prep. (with abl.), in front of, 
in proportion to. 

instead of. 

in defense of. 

in behalf of. 

probo, -àre, -àvi, àtus, approve. 

prodo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, surrender. 

proelium, -i, n., batile. 

profectio, -dnis, f., departure. 


-are, -àvi, -atus, 


-itus, 


for, 


291 


próficio, -ere, -féci, -fectus, go 
forward. 
proficiscor, proficisci, profectus 


sum, set out. 

profugio, -fugere, -fügi, —, flee. 

progredior, -1, -gressus sum, ad- 
vance. 

prohibeo, -ére, -ui, -itus, keep off, 
hinder, prohibit. 

proicio, -icere, -iéci, -iectus, throw 
forward; sé proicere, leap down. 

promo, -ere, -prompsi, promptus, 
bring forth, produce, render. 

promoveo, -ére, -movi, -motus, 
move forward, promote. 

prope, adv., near, nearly, almost. 

propero, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, hurry, 
hasten. 

propior, -ius, (sup., proximus), 
adj., nearer; proximà nocte, on 
the following night. 

proprius, -a, -um, adj., one's own. 

propter (with acc.), on account of. 

propterea quod, because. 

prosequor, -sequi, -secütus sum, 
follow, pursue. 

protego, -ere, -texi, -tectus, protect. 

provided, -ére, -vidi, -visus, pro- 
vide. 

provincia, -ae, f., province. 

proxime, adv., next, most recently. 

proximus, -a, -um, nerí; see 
propior. 

psallo, -ere, -i, —, play the harp; 
rejoice. 

püblicus, -a, -um, public. 

puella, -ae, f., girl. 

puer, pueri, m., boy. 

pugno, -àre, -àvi, -atus, fight. 

pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj., beau- 
tiful. 


292 


pulchre, adv., beautifully. 
puto, -are, -avi, -àtus, think, be- 
lieve. 


Q 

Q. = Quintus. 

quà, adv., where. 

quadringenti, -ae, -a, four hundred. 

quaero, -ere, -sivi, -situs, ask, 
seek; takes the ace. of the 
thing and the abl. of the per- 
son with e, ex, à, ab, or de. 

quaestus, -üs, m., getting 
money, gain. 

quam, adv. and conj., than, as; 
with superlatives, as much as 
possible; how. 

quamobrem, adv., why. 

quanto opere, how much. 

quantus, -a, -um, adj., how great, 
how much. ; 

quartus, -a, -um, fourth. 

quattuor, num. adj., indecl., four. 

que (an enclitic), and. 

qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, 
which, that. 

quia, conj., because. 

quicquid (quisquis), n., whatever. 

quicumque, quaecumque, quod- 
cumque, indef. pron., whoever. 

quidam, quaedam, quiddam, in- 
def. pron., a certain one. 

quiés, -étis, f., repose. 

quin, conj., that not, but that. 

quindecim, indecl, num. adj., 
fifteen. 

quinquaginta, num. adj. indecl., 
fifty. 

quinque, num. adj., indecl., five. 

quintus, -a, -um, fifth. 

quis, quid, interrog. pron., who? 


of 


LATIN LESSONS 


what? qui, quae, quod, used 
adjectively. 
quispiam, —, quidpiam, indef. 
pron., any one, anything. 
quisquam, —, quicquam, indef. 
pron., any one, anything. 
quisque, quidque, each one, every 
one. 
quo, adv., where. 
quod, conj., because; that. 
quomodo, interrog. adv., how? 
quoque, conj., also. 
quot, adj., indecl., how many? 


5? 

rapio, -ere, -ui, raptus, seize, carry 
off. 

ratis, -is, f., raft. 

ratus, -a, -um, reckoned, fixed by 
calculation. 

recipio, -ere, -cépi, receptus, take 
back, receive; with sé, retreat, 
recover. 

recüso, -are, -àvi, -àtus, refuse. 

redüco, -ere, redüxi, reductus, 
lead back, withdraw. 

refero, -ferre, rettuli, -latus, 
bring back, report, reconsider. 

regina, -ae, f., queen. 

regio, -onis, f., region, boundary. 

régno, -àre, -àvi, -atus, rule. 

regnum, -i, n., royal power, king- 
dom. 

rego, -ere, 
manage. 

reicio, -ere, reiéci, reiectus, throw 
back, repulse. 

relinquo, -ere, reliqui, relictus, 
leave. 

reliquus, -a, -um, remaining, the 
rest. 


rexi, réctus, rule, 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 


Rémus, -i, m., one of the Remi. 

remitt6, -ere, -misi, -missus, 
send back. 

repell6, -ere, reppuli, repulsus, 
repulse. 

reperio, -ire, repperi, repertus, 
find, discover. 

requiésco, -ere, requiévi, requié- 
tus, rest, repose. 

requiro, -ere, -quisivi, -quisitus, 
require. 

rés, rei, f., thing, affair. 

resisto, -ere, restiti, —, resist, 
oppose. 

respondeo, -ére, -di, responsus, 
answer, reply, respond. 

res püblica, rei püblicae, f., state, 
republic. 

retineo, -ére, -ui, -tentus, restrain, 
detain, retain. 

revertó, -ere, -ti, -sus, and re- 
vertor, -i, reversus sum, turn 
back, return; the perfect stem 
tenses are from the active 
forms, the others from the 
deponent. 

réx, régis, m., king. 

Rhénus, -i, m., Rhine. 

Rhodanus, -i, m., Rhone. 

ripa, -ae, f., bank (of a river). 

rogo, -are, -àvi, -atus, ask. 

Roma, -ae, f., Rome. 

Romanus, -a, -um, adj., Roman; 
as a subst., Rómànus, -i, m., a 
Roman. 

rosa, -ae, f., rose. 

rostrum, -i, n., beak; pl., rostra. 

ruina, -ae, f., ruin. 

rümor, -Ooris, m., 
port. 

rürsus, adv., again, anew. 


rumor, re- 


293 


S 

Sabini, -órum, m., Sabines. 

Sabinus, -i, m., Sabinus. 

sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj., sacred. 

saepe, adv., often. 

sagittarius, -1, m., archer, bowman. 

sal, -is, m., salt. 

saltus, -üs, m., leap, bound. 

salüs, -ütis, f., safety. 

salütó, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, salute. 

salvator, -oris, m., savior. 

salveo, -ére, —, —, to be well; 
salve (imperative), welcome. 

salvus, -a, -um, adj., safe; salvam. 
fac, keep, preserve, save. 

sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound, sane. 

sapiens, -entis, m., a wise person. 

sapienter, adv., wisely. 

satis, (also sat), adv., enough, 
sufficient. 

scientia, -ae,f., knowledge. 

Scio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, know. 

scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptus, 
write. 

scutum, -i, n., shield. 

secundus, -a, -um, second, follow- 
ing. 

sécürus, -a, -um, adj., safe, secure. 

sed, conj., but. 

sémentis, -is, f., sowing. 

semper, adv., always, ever. 

senator, -oris, m., senator. 

senectus, -ttis, f., old age. 

senatus, -üs, m., senate. 

senex, -is, (comp., senior; sup., 
maximus natt), adj., old. 

Senonés, -um, m., a people of 
Gaul. 

septem, num. adj., indecl., seven. 

Séquana, -ae, f., the Seine. 

Séquanus, -i, m., a Sequanian. 


294 


sequor, sequi, secütus sum, fol- 
low. 

serva, -ae, f., slave (female). 

servio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, be slave to, 
serve. 

servitüs, -ütis, f., slavery. 

servo, -are, -avi, -atus, save, pro- 
tect, maintain, keep. 

servus, -1, m., slave, servant. 

sescenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., six 
hundred. 

sex, num. adj., indecl., six. 

sexágintà, num. adj., indecl., 
sixty. 

Si, conj., ?f. 

sic, adv., so (manner), in this way. 

sidus, -eris, n., constellation; pl., 
heavenly bodies. 

significo, -àre, -àvi, -atus, show, 
indicate. 

signum, -i, n., signal, standard. 

silva, -ae, f., forest, woods. 

similis, -e, adj., like, similar. 

simul, adv., at once, as soon as. 

simulacrum, -i, n., ?mage, statue. 

simulàns, -antis, adj., pretending. 

sine, prep. (with abl.), without. 

singuli, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj., 
one by one. 

sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left. 

Siquis, siqua, siquid, if any one or 
thing. 

situs, -üs, m., situalion. 

sol, solis, m., sun; solis occásü, 
at sunset. 

solum, -i, n., ground, floor. 

solus, -a, -um, gen., solius, only, 
alone. 

soror, -Oris, f., sister. 

spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsus, scatter. 

Sparta, -ae, f., Sparta. 


LATIN LESSONS 


Spartànus, -a, -um, adj., Spartan. 

spatium, -i, n., space, time. 

speculator, -oóris, m., scout. 

spéro, -áre, -àvi, -atus, hope. 

spés, spei, f., hope. 

spiro, -are, -àvi, -atus, breathe. 

stabilio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, make 
firm, establish.: 

statim, adv., immediately. 

statua, -ae, f., statue. - 

statuo, -ere, -ui, -ütus, determine. 

status, -üs, m., state, condition. 

stella, -ae, f., star. 

stilus, -1, m., stilus; pen. 

sto, -are, steti, status, stand. 

strepitus, -üs, m., noise, uproar. 

studium, -1, n., pursuit. 

sub, prep. (with ace. after verbs 
of motion), under; (with abl. 
to denote place at which), at 
the foot of, under; (with words 


denoting time), about,  to- 
wards. 
submitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, 


send. secretly. 

subruo, -ere, -rui, -rutus, wnder- 
mine. 

subsequor, -sequi, -secütus sum, 
follow close upon. 

subsidium, -i, n., aid, support. 

succédo, -ere, -cessi, -cessürus, 
approach. 

Suébi, -órum, m., Swabians. 

Suessiónés, -um, m., Suessiones. 

sui, (gen.), reflex. pron., of him- 
self, herself, itself, themselves. 

sum, esse, fui, be. 

summus, see superus. 

sümo, -ere, sümpsi, 
take, assume, put on. 

super, prep., over, above. 


sümptus, 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 


supero, -are, -àvi, -atus, surpass, 
conquer, overcome, excel. 

superseded, -ére, -sédi, -sessus, 

_ refrain from. 

supersum, -esse, -fui, be left over, 
survive. 

superus, -i, m., 
upper world. 

superus, -a, -um, (comp., supe- 
rior; sup., suprémus or sum- 
mus), high. 

suppeto, -ere, -ivi, -itus, be at hand. 

supplicium, -i, n., punishment. 

suspicio, -onis, f., suspicion. 

sustineo, -ére, -ui, -tentus, check, 
withstand, sustain. 

suus, -a, -um, poss. pron., his, her, 
their, ete. 


inhabitant of the 


T. 
T: Titus: 
taberna, -ae, f., shop, booth. 
tablinum, -i, n., tablinwm (apart- 
ment of a Roman house where 
the family reeords were kept). 
tabula, -ae, f., tablet, document. 
tam, adv. of degree, so. 
tamen, conj., nevertheless, stull. 
tantum, adv., only. 
tantus, -a, dem so great, such. 
Tarpeia, -ae, f., T'arpeia. 
tectum, -i, n., roof. 
telum, -i, n., dart, weapon. 
tempestas, -tatis, f., storm, bad 
weather. 
templum, -i, n., temple. 
tempus, -oris, n., (ime. 
tendo, -ere, tetendi, 
tensus, extend. 
teneo, -ére, -ui, — , hold. 
tento, -are, -àvi, -atus, attempt. 


tentus or 


terra, -ae, f., earth, land. 

tertius, -a, -um, third. 

testüdo, -inis, f., testudo. 

Tiberius, -i, m., Tiberius. 

timeo, -ére, -ui, —, fear. 

timor, -6ris, m., fear, dread. 

Titurius, -i, m., Quintus Titurius 
Sabinus. 

toga, -ae, f., toga. 


togatus, -a, -um, wearing a 
toga. 

tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus, 
remove. 


tormentum, -i, n., engine of war. 

totidem, adj., just as many. 

totus, -a, -um, gen., tótius, whole. 

trado, -ere, -didi, -ditus, give up, 
surrender, impart, hand down, 
teach. 

trádüco, -ere, -düxi, -ductus, lead 
across. 

tranquillitas, -atis, f., tranquillity. 

trans, prep. (with ace.), across 
(on the farther side of). 

transe6, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itus, go 
across, Cross. 

transfero, -ferre, 
carry across. 

transversus, -a, -um, adj., cross- 
wise, oblique. 

tres, tres, tria, three. 

tribütum, -i, n., (az, tribute. 

trigintà, num. adj., indecl., 

tü, tui, pers. pron., you. 

tuba, -ae, f., trumpet. 

tui (gen.), reflex. pron., of your- 
self. 

tum, adv., then. 

tumultus, -üs, 
tumult. 

tumulus, -i, m., mound, 


-latus, 


-tuli, 


thirty. 


m., disturbance, 


296 


turba, -ae, f., uproar, commotion; 
crowd. 

turris, -is, f., tower. 

tütus, -a, -um, adj., safe. 

tuus, -a, -um, poss. pron., your, 
yours. 

tyrannus, -i, m., tyrant. 


U 


ubi, interrog. adv., where; rel. 
adv., when, where. 

ullus, -a, -um, gen., üllius, any. 

ulterior, -ius, (sup., ultimus), adj., 
farther. 

ultimus, -a, -um, last, extreme. 

ünà, adv., along with. 

undique, adv., on all sides. 

unio, -ire, -ii, -Itus, unite. 

üniversi, -órum, m., all together. 


ünus, -a, -um, gen., ünius, one; 


pl., only, alone. 

urbs, urbis, f., city. 

üsus, -üs, m., wse. 

ut, conj., that, in order that, 
as (when followed by indica- 
tive). 

uter, utra, utrum, gen., 
adj., which (of two). 

uterque, -traque, -trumque, each, 
every. 

uti, see ut. 

utilis, -e (comp., -ior; sup., -issi- 
mus), adj., useful. 

utinam, adv., would that, O that. 

utor, Uti, sus sum, "se. 

utrimque, adv., on both sides. 

utrum, conj., not translated in 
direct questions; in indirect 
questions, whether. 


utrius, 


LATIN LESSONS 


V 


vacuus, -a, -um, adj. 
vacuus ab, destitute of. 

vadum, -i, n., shoal, ford. 

vagor, -àri, -àtus sum, wander. 

valeo, -ére, -ui, —, be powerful, 
strong. 

vallum, -i, n., rampart. 

valor, -6ris, m., value. 

vàsto, -are, -avi, -atus, lay waste. 

vel, conj., or; vel. . . vel, either 

Wc OT. 

Veliocassés, -ium, m., the Velio- 
casses. 

velociter (comp., velocius; sup., 
velóocissime), adv., swiftly. 

velox, velocis, adj., swift. 

velum, -i, n., curíain. 

venerátio, -dnis, f., worship. 

Veneti, -orum, m., Veneti. 

venio, -ire, véni, ventus, come. 

ventus, -i, m., wind. 

verbum, -i, n., word. 

vereor, -éri, -itus sum, fear, 
dread. 

veró, adv., in truth, but. 

véritas, -atis, f., truth. 

vertó, -ere, verti, versus, turn. 

vérus, -a, -um, adj., true. 

Vesta, -ae, f., Vesta. 

Vestalis, -e, adj., Vestal. 

vester, -tra, -trum, poss. pron., 
your, yours. 

vestibulum, -i, n., vestibule. 

vestigium, -1, n., trace, vestige. 

via, -ae, f., road, way, journey. 

vice, f. (abl. of vicis, change), in 
turn. 

victor, -óris, m., victor, conqueror. 

victoria, -ae, f., victory. 


empty ; 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 


vicus, -i, m., village. 

vided, -ére, vidi, visus, see. 

videor, -éri, visus sum, 
appear. 

vigilia, -ae, f., watch (part of the 
night). 

viginti, num. adj., indecl., twenty. 

vincó, -ere, vici, victus, conquer, 
defeat. 

vinea, -ae, f., vinea. 

vir, -1, m., man. 

virgo, -inis, f., virgin, maiden. 

Viromandui, -orum, m., Viro- 
manda. 

virtüs, -tütis, Íf.,: virtue, valor, 
courage, bravery. 

vis (gen. and dat. sing. wanting), 


seem, 


297 


vim, vi, f., force; pl., virés, vi- 
rium, ete., strength. 
vita, -ae, f., life. 
vitiatus, -a, -um, spoiled, tainted. 
vitio, -are, -àvi, -atus, spoil, taint. 
vivo, -ere, vixi, victus, live. 
vix, adv., scarcely. 
voco, -are, -àvi, -atus, call. 
volo, velle, volai, —, be willing, 
wish. 
voló, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, fly. 
Volusénus, -1, m., Volusenus. 
votum, -1, n., vow, wish. 
vox, vocis, f., voice; pl., words. 
vulgus, -i, n., the crowd. 
vulneró, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, wound. 
vulnus, -eris, n., wound. 


ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 


A 


ability, facultàs, -tatis, f. 

able, possum, posse, potui, —. 

about, dé, with abl.; ad, circum, 
with ace. 

abundance, copia, -ae, f. 

accept, accipio, -ere, -cept, -ceptus. 

accomplish, conficio, -ere, -féci, 
-fectus; efficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus. 

across, írüns, with acc.; in, with 
abl., see 232.? 

act, ago, agere, egi, actus. 

active, dcer, dcris, acre. 

advance, progredior, -2, -gressus 
sum; signa inferre. 

advise, moneo, -ére, -ui, -itus. 

affair, rés, rei, f. 

after, post. 

again, rürsus. 

against, in, contra, with acc. 

, ago, ante. 

aid, auxilium, auxili, n.; subsi- 
dium, subsidi, n. 

all, omnis, -e. 

allow, patior, pati, passus sum. 

almost, prope, paene, ferc. 

alone, sdlus, -a, -um. 

already, tam. 

although, cum. 

always, semper. 

ambassador, légdtus, -i, m. 

Ambiani, A mbidni, orum, m. 


among, inter, with ace. 

and, et, ac, atque, -que. 

anew, rürsus. 

animal, animal, -dlis, n. 

announce, nno, -dre, -awi, -atus. 

another, alius, alia, aliud. 

answer, respondeo, -ére, -di, re- 
sponsus. 

any, üllus, -a, -um. 

approach, n., adventus, -üs, m. 

approach, v., adeo, -ire, -iwi, -itus. 

Aquitania, Aquitdnia, -ae, f. 

Ariovistus, Ariovistus, -7, m. 

arms, arma, -orum, n. 

army, exercitus, -üs, m. 

around, circum, with ace. 

arrange, ordino, -üre, -àvi, -àtus. 

arrival, adventus, -üs, m. 


ag ci PEE 

as soon as, cum primum. 

ascertain, cognosco, -ere, -now, 
-nitus; reperio, -we, repperi, 
repertus. 


ask, peto, -ere, -ii, -ttus; quaero, 
-ere, -Stvi, -situs. 
assemble, convenio, 
-ventus. 
assembly, conventus, -üs, m. 
assert, confirmo, -àre, -àvi, -atus. 
associate, comes, -itis, m. and f. 
assume,  sümo,  -ere, sumpsi, 
sumptus. J 
at, abl. of time or place, locative. 


-ire, -veni, 


299 


300 


attack, n., impetus, -üs, m. 

attack, v., oppugno, -are, 
-ülus. 

attempt, conor, -àri, -atus sum. 

authority, auctoritas, -tdtis, f. 

auxiliary forces, auxilia, -órum, n. 


-Qvi, 


B 


bad, malus, -a, -um. 

band, manus, -üs, f. 

bank, ripa, -ae, f. 

battle, proelium, proeli, n. 

be, sum, esse, fut, —. 

bear, fero, ferre, tuli, latus. 

beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum. 

because, quod. 

become, /f?0, fier?, factus sum. 

before, ante, with ace. 

begin, coepi, coepisse; incipio, 
-ere, -cepi, -ceptus ; ned, -ire, -27, 
-itus. 

beginning, initium, initi, n. 

behalf of, pro, with abl. 

behind, post, with ace. 

Belgians, Belgae, -àrum, m. 

believe, credo, -ere, -didi, -ditus. 

Bellovaci, Bellovaci, -órum, m. 

besides, praeterquam. 

besiege, oppugno, -àre, -àvi, -dtus. 

best, optimus, -a, -um. 

better (it is), praestat. 

better, melior, -ius. 

between, inier, with ace. 

black, niger, -gra, -grum. 

blame, culpo, -àre, -àvi, -ütus. 

body, corpus, -oris, n. 

book, liber, libri, m. 

born (be), nàscor, nàsci, ndtus sum. 

both 451, "andre S2 set. 

boundary, regio, -dnis, f.; finis, 
-is, m. 


LATIN LESSONS 


boy, puer, -, m. 

brave, fortis, -e. 

bravely, fortiter. . 

bravery, virtüs, -Lütis, f. 

break (camp), moveo, -ére, movi, 
motus. 

bridge, pons, pontis, m. 

brief, brevis, -e. 

bring, fero, ferre, tul, latus; 
affero, -ferre, attuli, allatus. 

bring back, redüco, -ere, -düxi, 


-ductus; refero, -ferre, rettuli, 
relatus. 

bring in or upon, infero, -ferre, 
intuli, allatus. 

bring out, effero, -ferre, extulit, 
elatus. 

bring together, confero, -ferre, 
-tuli, collatus. 

bring (war on), fero, -ferre, 


-tuli, illatus. 
broad, ldtus, -a, -um. 
brother, frater, -tris, m. 
Brutus, Brütus, -1, m. 
build, wedificd, -àre, -dvi, -dtus. 
building, aedificium, aedifici, n. 
burn, 2ncendo, -ere, -cendi, -census. 
but, sed. 
by, à, ab, with abl. 


C 


Caesar, Caesar, -aris, m. 

call, voco, -àre, -àwi, -dtus. 

call together, convocó, -dre, -àwi, 
-atus. 

camp, castra, -orum, n. 

can, possum, posse, poluit, —. 

captive, captivus, -7, m. 

capture, capio, -ere, cepi, captus; 
expugno, -are, -avi, -atus. 

care, diligentia, -ae, f. 


ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 


carefully, diligenter. 

carry, fero, ferre, tuli, latus; porto, 
-üre, -avi, -dtus. 

carry away, effero, -ferre, extulit, 
elatus. 

carry on war, bellum gero. 

carry: out, effero, -ferre, 
elatus. 

Cassius, Cassius, -i, m. 

Catiline, Catilina, -ae, m. 

Cato, Cato, -dnis, m. 

cause, causa, -ae, f. 

cavalry, pl. of eques, -itis, m.; 
equitdtus, -üs, m. 

censure, culpo, -Gre, -àvi, -àtus. 

centurion, centurio, -Onis, m. 

certain, ad]., certus, -a, -wm. 

certain one, pron., quzdam, quae- 
dam, quiddam. 

character, pl. of mds, moris, m. 

check, suslineo, -ére, -ui, -tentus. 

chief, princeps, -cipis, m. 

children, /iber?, -orum, m. 

choose, déligo, -ere, -légi, -léctus. 

Cicero, C?cero, -Onis, m. 

citizen, civis, -is, m. and f. 

city, urbs, urbis, f. 

close, claudo, -ere, clausi, clausus. 

cohort, cohors, cohortis, f. 

collect, confero, -ferre, -tult, col- 
ldtus; cogo, -ere, coegi, codctus. 

come, venio, -ire, veni, ventus. 

command, n., imperium, 
peri, n. 

command, v., impero, -àre, -àvi, 
-dtus; iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussus. 

command of (be in), praesum, 
-esse, -fui. 

commander-in-chief, 
-oris, m. 

companion, comes, -itis, m. and f. 


extuli, 


im- 


imperátor, 


201 


compel, cógo, -ere, coegi, coüctus. 

conceal, celo, -dre, -dvi, -àtus. 

concerning, dé, with abl. 

confidence, fides, -ei, f. 

conquer, supero, -üre, -àvi, -dlus; 
vinco, -ere, vici, victus. 

conqueror, victor, -dris, m. 

consider, cogito, -dre, -àwi, -dtus; 
habeo, -ére, -ui, -itus. 

construct, itnstrud, -ere, 
-structus. 

consul, consul, -ulis, m. 

contend, contendo, -ere, -d, -tentus. 

control, imperitum, imperi, n. 

country, patria, -ae, f.; finés, 
-ium, m. 

courage, virtis, -ütis, f. 

cover, compleo, -ere, -évt, -etus. 

Crassus, Crassus, -7, m. 

cross, trdnseo, -ire, -iw (-77), -ttus. 

custom, mos, moris, m. 


-struai, 


D 


daily, adj., cotididnus, -a, -um. 

daily, adv., cotidie. 

danger, periculum, -i, n. 

dare, audeo, -ére, ausus sum. 

daughter, filia, -ae, f. 

day, dies, diéi, m. and f.; late in 
the day, multo die; following 
day, postero die. 

daybreak, at, prima lice. 

dear, cürus, -a, -um. 

death, mors, mortis, f. 

deceive, fallo, -ere, fefellt, falsus. 

decide, constituo, -ere, -stitwi, 
-stitütus; statuo, -ere, -ui, -ütus. 

declare, confirmo, -àre, -àvi, -atus. 

deep, altus, -a, -wm. 

defeat, supero, -dre, -àvi, -dtus; 
vincd, -ere, vici, viclus. 


302 


defend, defendo, -ere, -fendi, -fén- 
sus. 

defender, defensor, -oris, m. 

defense of, pro, with abl. 

delay, n., mora, -ae, f. 

delay, v., moror, -àri, -àlus sum. 

deliver (a speech), habeo, -ére, 
-ui, -itus. 

deny, nego, -üre, -dv2, -dtus. 

departure, profectio, -onis, f. 

deprive, nüdo, -dre, -àvi, -atus. 

destroy, déled, -ére, -ewi, -étus. 

detain, retined, -ére, -ui, -tentus. 

determine, constituo, -ere, -ui, 
-utus; statuo, -ere, -ui, -ülus. 

devastate, populor, -Gri, -àtus sum. 

differ, di fferd,-ferre, distult, dildtus. 

difficult, difficilis, -e. 

difficulty, difficultas, -tdtis, f. 

diligence, diligentia, -ae, f. 

diligently, diligenter. 

direction, pars, partis, f. 

disappoint, fallo, -ere, fefelli, fal- 
sus. 

discover, reperio, -ire, repperi, re- 
pertus. - 

dismiss, dimitto,  -ere, 
-mAssus. 

ditch, fossa, -ae, f. 

do, ago, -ere, egt, dctus; facio, -ere, 
feci, factus. 

draw up, instrud, -ere, -sirüzi, 
-structus. 

dread, n., tamor, -dris, m. 

dread, v., vereor, -éri, veritus sum. 

drive, ago, -ere, egi, üctus; pello, 
-ere, pepuli, pulsus. 


-misi, 


drive out, ezrpello, -ere, -puli, 
-pulsus; pello, -ere, pepult, 
pulsus. 


dwell, zncold, -ere, -ui, —. 


LATIN LESSONS 


E 


each, quisque, quidque. 

early, primus, -a, -um 
noun). 

earth, terra, -ae., f. 

easy, facilis, -e. 

easily, facile. 

eight, octo. 

either . or, vel... vel, aut 
SEQ Ob 

encamp, cónsido, -ere, -sedi, —. 

encourage, cohortor, -dri, -dtus 
sum. 

end, finis, -is, m. 

enemy, hostis, -is, m. ; inimicus, 
-i, m. 

engage (in battle), committo, -ere, 
-màisi, -Missus. 

enjoy, fruor, frui, frictus sum. 

enlist, conscribo, -ere, -pst, -ptus. 

enroll, conscribo, -ere, -psi, -ptus. 

enter, ineo, -Wre, -i7 (-w), -itus. . 

epistle, epistula, -ae, f. 

equal, pàr, paris. 

esteem, honor, -oris, m. 

every, ommnis,-e; every one, quis- 
que, quidque. 

evident (it is), constat. 

evil, malus, -a, -um. 

excel, supero, -Gre, -dvi, -dtus; 
praesto, -àre, -stitt, -stitus. 

excellent, optimus, -a, -um. 

extend, pated, -ere, -ui, —. 


(with 


F 


face to face, adversus, -a, -um. 
facing, adversus, -a, -um. 

fail, deficio, -ere, -féci, -fectus. 
faith, fides, -ei, f. 

faithful, fidus, -a, -um. 


ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 


far, longe. 

farmer, agricola, -ae, m. 

farther, ulterior, -ius. 

father, pater, -tris, m. 

fear, n., timor, -oóris, m. 

fear, v., timed, -ére, 
vereor, -eri, -itus sum. 

few, pauci, -ae, -a. 

field, ager, agri, m. 

fiercely, acriter. 

fight, pugno, -àre, -àvwi, -dtus. 

fill, compleo, -ére, -evi, -étus. 

find out, reperio, -ire, repperi, re- 
pertus; cognosco, -ere, -nowi, 
-nitus. 

fire, ignis, -is, m. 

first, primus, -a, -um. 

fit, idoneus, -a, -um. 

five, quinque. 

flee, fugio, -ere, fügi, —. 

fleet, classis, -is, f. 

flight, fuga, -ae, f. 

follow, sequor, sequi, secütus sum. 

following, posterus, -a, -um. 

foot (at), sub, with abl. 

foot, pes, pedis, m. 

foot-soldier, pedes, -itis, m. 

for, pro, with abl. 

force, vis (genitive wanting), f. 

forces, copiae, -drum, f. 

forest, silva, -ae, f. 

former, prior, -ius. 

fortifications, moenia, -iwm, n.; 
muniti6, -onis, f. 

fortify, münio, -ire, -Wi, -itus. 

four, quattuor. 

free, v., libero, -üre, -àvi, -dtus. 

free, adj., liber, -era, -erum. 

frequent, créber, -bra, -brum. 

friend, amicus, -7, m. 

friendly, amicus, -a, -wm. 


me Seer: 


DL 


303 


frighten, lerreo, -ere, -ui, -itus. 
from, à, ab, e, ex, with abl. 
front of, pro, with abl. 


G 

Galba, Galba, -ae, m. 

garrison, praesidium, praesidi, n. 

gate, porta, -ae, f. 

gather, deligo, -ere, -légi, -léctus. 

Gaul, Gallia, -ae, f. 

Gauls, Galli, -órum, m. 

general, imperdtor, -oris, m. 

German, Germdnus, -i, m. 

get possession of, potior, -iri, -itus 
sum. 

gift, dónum, -i, n. 

girl, puella, -ae, f. 

give, do, -dre, dedi, datus. 

give up, dedo, -ere, -didi, -ditus; 
trado, -ere, -didi, -ditus. 

gladly, libenter. 

glory, gloria, -ae, f. ; honor, -oris, 
m. 

go, e0, tre, 1% (o1), dtürus. 

go across, trdnseod, -ire, -ii (-wi), 
-itus. 

go out, exeo, -ire, -àv (-wwi), -itus. 

go to, adeo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itus. 

god, deus, -?, m. 

goddess, dea, -ae, f. 

good, bonus, -a, -wm. 

grain, frümentum, -i, n. 

great, magnus, -a, -um; so great, 
tantus, -a,-um ; how great, quan- 
lus, -a, -um. 

greatly, magnopere. 

guard, n., cüstos, -ddis, m.; prae- 
sidium, praesidi, n. 

guard, v., defendo, -ere, -fendi, 
-fensus. 

guide, dux, ducis, m. 


304 


H 


hand, manus, -üs, f. 

happen, f0, fieri, factus sum. 

harm, noced, -ére, -ui, —. 

hasten, propero, -dre, -dvi, -dtus; 
contendo, -ere, -di, -tentus. 

have, habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus. 

he, is; often not expressed. 

head, caput, -itis, n. 

hear, audio, -ire, -wi, -itus. 

heavy, gravis, -e. 

heavy baggage, 
-orum, n. 

height, altitiüdo, -inis, f. 

help, auxilium, auzili, n. 

 Helvetians, Helvetii, -drum, m. 

hem in, contineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus. 

her,eius; swus,-a,-um (reflexive). 

high, altus, -a, -um; superus, -a, 


impedimenta, 


-um. 

hill, collis, -is, m. 

himself, su: (reflexive); | ipse 
(intensive). 


hinder, prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus. 
hindrance, impedimentum, -i, n. 
his, eius; suus, -a, -um (reflexive). 
hither, citerior, -ius. 

hold, habeo, -ére, -ui, -itus; teneo, 


-ere, -ul, —. 

hold together, contineo, -ére, -ui, 
-tentus. 

home, domus, -üs, f.; at home, 
domi. 


honor, honor, -oris, m. 

hope, spes, -ei, f. 

horn, cornü, -üs, n. 

horse, equus, equi, m. 
horseman, eques, -itis, m. 
hostage, obses, -idis, m. and f. 
hour, hora, -ae, f. 


LATIN LESSONS 


house, domus, -üs, f. 

how, quam, quomodo. 

how great, quantus, -a, -wm. 

how long, quam diü. 

how many, quot. 

how much, quantus, -a, -wm. 

hurl, 2ac?0, -ere, 4éci, iactus. 

hurl together, conicio, -ere, -iéci, 
-iectus. 

hurry, propero, -àre, -dvi, -dtus. 


I, ego, me. 

if, 51. 

if not, nisi. . 

immediately, statim. 

immortal, immortalis, -e. 

in, in, with abl. 

incredible, zncrédibilis, -e. 

infantry, pedités, -itum, m. 

inferior, inferior, -ius. 

influence, n., auctoritàs, -tàtis, f. 

influence, v., addüco, -ere, -düzi, 
-ductus. 

inform, certiorem facere; edoceo, 
-ére, -ui, -doctus. 

inhabit, ?ncolo, -ere, -ui, —. 

injure, noced, -ére, -ui, —. 

injury, iniüria, -ae, f. 

inner, interior, -ius. 

instruct, edoceo, -ere, -ui, -doctus. 

into, in, with aec. 

invincible, invictus, -a, -um. 

it, is, ea, id; often not expressed. 


J 
javelin, pilum, -i, n. 
join, coniungo, -ere, -iünzi, -iünc- 
tus; committod, -ere, -misi, -mis- 
sus. 
journey, iter, itineris, n.; via, -ae, f. 


E 


ENGLISH-CLATIN VOCABULARY 


judge, itidex, -icis, m. 
Julia, / lia, -ae, f. 
Jura, Jura, -ae, m. 


K 

keep from, prohibeo, -ére, -ui, -itus. 
keep in, contineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus. 
keeper, custos, -ddis, m. 
kill, interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus; 

occido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus. 
king, rez, regis, m. 
know, scio, -ire, -wi, itus. 


L 


labor, n., labor, -oris, m. 

labor, v., laboro, -àre, -àvi, -dtus. 

land, terra, -ae, f. 

language, lingua, -ae, f. 

large, magnus, -a, -um. 

last, extremus, -a, -um. 

law, léx, legis, f. 

lay waste, vàsto, -dre, -àvi, -dtus; 
populor, -àri, -àtus sum. 

lead, dco, -ere, dizi, ductus. 

lead across, írüdüco, -ere, -düxi, 
-ductus. 

lead back, 
-ductus. 

lead out, édüco, -ere, -düxi, -duc- 
tus. 

lead to, 
-ductus. 

leader, duz, ducis, m. 

learn, cognosco, -ere, -novi, -nitus. 

leave, relinquo, -ere, reliqui, re- 
lictus. 

left, sinister, -tra, -trum. 

legion, legio, -dnis, f. 

length, longitüdo, -inis, f. 

Lentulus, Lentulus, -i, m. 

less, minor, minus. 


redüco, -ere, -düxi, 


addüco, -ere, -düzi, 


305 


lest, né, with subjunctive. 

letter, littera, -ae, f. ; epistula, -ae, f. 

lie open, pated, -ére, -ui, —. 

lieutenant, /egátus, -i, m. 

life, vita, -ae, f. 

light, n., liz, lücis, f. 

light, adj., levis, -e. 

like, similis, -e. 

line of battle, acies, -é7, f. 

line of march, agmen, -minis, n. 

little, adv., paulum. 

live, v2v0, -ere, vixi, victus. 

live in, 2ncolo, -ere, -ui, —. 

location, locus, -7, m. 

long, adj., longus, -a, -um. 

long, adv., div. 

lord, dominus, -1, m. 

lose, dmittd, -ere, -misi, -missus; 
dimillo, -ere, -misi, -missus. 

love, amo, -dre, -àvi, -atus. 

low, inferus, -a, -um. 


M 


make, facio, -ere, feci, factus. 

man, vir, -1, m. ; homo, -inis, m. 
and f. 

manage, rego, -ere, rexit, rectus. 

manners, pl. of mos, moris, m. 

many, multi, -ae, -a. 

march, v., iter facere. 

march, n., iter, itineris, n. 

Marcus, Marcus, -i, m. 

marsh, palüs, -üdis, f. 

master, dominus, -i, m. ; 
ter, -tr2, m. 

me, see /. 

meantime, intered. 

meet, occurro, -ere, -curri, -cursus. 

meeting, conventus, -üs, m. 

memory, memoria, -ae, f. 

merchant, mercdator, -oris, m. 


magis- 


306 LATIN 

message, nuntius, nünti, m. 

messenger, nuntius, nünti, m. 

middle, medius, -a, -wm. 

midnight, media nox. 

mile, mille passüs. 

mistress, domina, -ae, f. 

mother, mdter, -tris, f. 

mountain, mons, montis, m. 

move, ?710v€0, -éere, movi, motus. 

move forward, prdmoved, -ére, 
-mowi, -motus. 

movement, motus, -üs, m. 

much, multus, -a, -um. 

must, débeo, -ére, -ui, -ilus; 
pass. periphrastie. 

my, meus, -a, -um. 

myself, mez. 


or 


N 


name, nomen, -inis, n. 
nation, nàtio, -onis, f. 
native land, patria, -ae, f. 
nature, natura, -ae, f. 
near, ad, prope. 
nearer, propior, -ius. 
nearly, paene, prope. 
neither, conj., neque. 
neither, adj., neuter, -tra, 
nevertheless, (amen. 
new, novus, -a, -um. 
next, proximus, -a, -um. 
night, nox, noctis, f. 
nine, novem. 
no, nüllus, -a, -um. 
no one, nullus, -a, 
—, dat. nemini. 
noise, clamor, -oris, m. 
none, nüllus, -a, -um; nemo, —, 
dat. nemini. 
nor, neque. 
not, nón. 


-irum. 


LESSONS 


notonly . . . butalso, non solum 
. sed eliam. 

nothing, nihil, indecl., n. 

number, numerus, -i, m. 

numerous, créber, -bra, -brum. 


O 


oath, iüs iurandum, iüris iürandi, 
n. 

obey, pared, -ére, -ui, —. 

of (concerning), de, with abl. 

often, saepe. 

old, senex, senis. 

on, 2n, with abl. 

on account of, abl. of cause, or ob 
with ace. 

on all sides, wndique. 

one, unus, -a, -um. 

one hundred, centum. 

only, solus, -a, -wm. : 

opportunity, /acultàs, -tàtis, f.; 
potestas, -Lütis, f. | 

oppose, res?sto, -ere, restitt, —. 

or, aut, vel, an. 

oration, orátio, -onis, f. 

order, Zubeo, -ere, d$ussi, iussus 
(with aec.) ; impero, -üre, -àwi, 
-ütus (with dat.). 

other, alius, -a, -ud. 

ought, débeo, -ere, -ui, -itus. 

our, noster, -tra, -trum. 

out of, @, ez, with abl. 

outer, exlerus, -a, -um. 

over, in, with abl. 

overcome, supero, -aàre, -àw, -àlus. 


P 
pace, passus, -üs, m. 
pacify, pàco, -àre, -àvi, -dtus. 
part, pars, partis, f. 


ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 


pass the winter, hiemo, -üre, -üvi, 
-dtus. 

peace, pax, pácis, f. 

people, populus, -7, m. 

peril, periculum, -i, n. 

permit, licet, -ére, licuit; 
pati, passus sum. 

persuade, persuadeo, -ere, -si, -sus. 

picture, pictüra, -ae, f. 

pitch (camp), pono, -ere, posui, 
positus. 

place, n., locus, i, m. 

place, v., pono, -ere, posui, positus. 

place before,  antepono,  -ere, 
-posui, -positus. 

place ín command of, praeficio, 
-ere, -feci, -fectus;  praepono, 
-ere, -posuit, -positus. 

plan, consilium, consili, n. 

please, placed, -ére, -ui, -itus. 

pledge, fides, -ei, f. 

plenty, copia, -ae, f. 

Pompey, Pompeius, Pompei, m. 

port, portus, -üs, m. 

possession (get), potior, potiri, 
potitus sum. 

possible (as), quam with super- 
lative. 

power, potestas, -tàtis, f. 

powerful, potens, potentis. 

praise, laudo, -dre, -àvi, -átus. 

prefer, malo, mdlle, malui; ante- 
pono, -ere, -posut, -positus. 

prepare, paro, -dre, -àvi, -atus. 

presence, conspectus, -us, m. 

present, donum, -i, n. 

private, privatus, -a, -um. 

prohibit, prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus. 

promise, polliceor, -éri, -itus sum. 

promote, promoveo, -éere, -movi, 
-motus. 


patior, 


307 


protection, praesidium, praesidi, n. 

province, provincia, -ae, f. 

pupil, discipulus, -%, m. 

put, pond, -ere, posui, positus. 

put to flight, pello, -ere, pepult, 
pulsus. 


Q 


quick, celer, celeris, celere. 
quickly, celeriter. 


R 


rank, ordo, -inis, m. 

rather (comparative). 

read, lego, -ere, legi, lectus. 

rear, novissimum agmen. 

receive, accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus. 

recently (most), proxime. 

reckon, existimo, -dre, -àwi, -dtus. 

recruit, novus miles. 

region, regio, -onis, f. 

remain, maneo, -ére, mànsi, màn- 
sus. 

remaining, reliquus, -a, -wm. 

Remi, Rémi, -orum, m. 

reply, respondeo, -ére, 
-Sponsus. 

report, n., rumor, -dris, m. 

report, v., nünlio, -Gre, -àvi, -dtus; 
refero, -ferre, rettuli, -latus. 

republic, res publica, ret ptb- 
licae, f. 

repulse, reició, -ere, -ieci, -iectus. 

resist, resisto, -ere, restit?, —. 

respects, in all, omnibus rebus. 

respond, respondeo, -ére, -di, -sus. 

rest, reliquus, -a, -wm. 

restrain, retined, -ere, -ui, -tentus. 

retain, retineo, -ére, -ui, -tentus. 

retreat, recipio, -ere, -cept, -ceptus. 


-di, 


308 


LATIN LESSONS 


return, reverto, -ere, -li, -sus; re-| seize, capio, -ere, cepi, captus; 


verlor, -4, reversus sum. 
revolt, motus, -us, m. 
revolution, rés viovae. 
Rhine, Rhénws, -7, m. 
Rhone, Rhodanus, -i, m. 
ridge, iugum, -1, n. 
right, dexter, -tra, -trum. 
river, fliimen, -inis, n. 
road, via, -ae, f. 
Roman, n. Rémdnus, -i, m. 
Roman, adj., Romanus, -a, -um. 
Rome, Roma, -ae, f. 
rose, rosa, -ae, f. 
row, ordo, -inis, m. 
royal power, regnum, -i, n. 
rule, rego, -ere, réxi, rectus. 
rumor, rumor, -oris, m. 
run, curro, -ere, cucurrit, cursus. 


S 


Sabinus, Sabinus, -1, m. 

safe, tutus, -a, -um. 

safety, salüs, -ütis, f. 

sail, nàvigo, -dre, -àvi, -atus. 

sailor, nauta, -ae, m. 

sake of, causa, with genitive. 

same, idem, eadem, idem. 

save, servo, -àre, -àvi, -atus. 

say, dico, -ere, dixi, dictus; loquor, 
loqui, locütus sum. 

scarcity, inopia, -ae, f. 

scatter, differo, -ferre, distuli, dila- 
tus. 

scout, explordtor, -dris, m. 

sea, mare, -is, n. 

seashore, litus, -oris, n. 

see, video, -ére, vidi, visus. 

seek, peto, -ere, -ii (-iv7), -itus. 

seem, videor, -ér7, visus sum. 


occupo, -üre, -àvi, -adtus. 

select, déligo, -ere, -legi, -léctus. 

senate, senatus, -üs, m. 

senator, sendtor, -dris, m. 

send, mitto, -ere, mist, missus. 

send ahead, praemilto, -ere, -misi, 
-mssus. 

send away, amitio, -ere, amasi, 
ümássus. 

send back, remitto, -ere, -misi, 
-missus. 

send in different directions, di- 
mitto, -ere, -màsti, -missus. 

Sequanian, Séquanus, -i, m. 

servant, servus, -i, m.; ' serva, 
-ae, f. 

set fire to, incendo, 
-CENSUS. 

set free, libero, -àre, 

set out, proficiscor, 
sum. 

setting, occüsus, -üs, m. 

settle, consido, -ere, -sedi, —. 

seven, septem. 

several, complüres, -a. 

severe, gravis, -e. 

sharp, dcer, dcris, acre. 

sharply, dcriter. 

ship, ndvis, -is, f. 

shore, litus, -oris, n. 

short, brevis, -e. 

shout, clümor, -dris, m. 

show, doceo, -ére, -ui, doctus; 
monstro, -are, -àwi, -atus. 

shut, claudo, -ere, clausi, clausus. 

side, pars, partis, f.; latus, -eris, 
n. 

sight, conspectus, -üs, m. 

signal, signum, -i, n. 

since, cum. 


-ere, -cendi, 


-üvi, -dlus. 
-7, profectus 


ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 


sister, soror, -dris, f. 

Six, sex. 

six hundred, sescenti, -ae, -a. 

size, magnitüdo, -inis, f. 

slaughter, caedes, -is, f. 

slave, servus, -7, m. 

slavery, servitüs, -ütis, f. 

slay, occido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus; in- 
terficid, -ere, -féct, -fectus. 

small, barvus, -a, -wm. 

so, ita (manner); tam (degree). 

so great, tantus, -a, -wm. 

soldier, miles, -itis, m. 

some one, aliquis, aliquid. 

some . . . others, aliz . 

somewhat, paulum. 

son, filius, fili, m. 

speak, loquor, loqui, locütus 

speech, oràtio, -onis, f. 

speed, celeritàs, -tatis, f. 

spend winter, hiemo, -üre, 
-ütus. 

Spy, explorator, -oris, m. 

stand, std, -àre, steti, status. 

standard, signum, -i, n. 

star, stella, -ae, f. 

state, civitüs, -tàtis, f. ; 
lica, rei püblicae, f. 

stone, lapis, -idis, m. 

storm, v., oppugno, 
-atus. | 

storm, n., tempestds, -tàtis, f. 

stormy weather, hiems, hiemis, f. 

story, fabula, -ae, f. 

strength, vires, virium, f. 

strengthen, confirmo, -àre, -àwi, 
-ütus. 

strip, nüdo, -üre, -àvi, -dtus. 

subdue, pàco, -àre, -dvi, -dtus. 

such, tantus, -a, -um. 

Suessiones, Swessidnés, -um, m. 


. alii. 


Sun. 


-üW, 


rés 


-are, -avi, 


309 


suffer, patior, pati, passus sum. 

suitable, idoneus, -a, -um. 

summer, aestds, -tdtis, f. 

summon, convoco, -àre, -àwi, -dtus. 

sun, sol, sols, m. 

sunset at, solis occdadst. 

superior, superior, -ius. 

supplies, commeatus, -üs, m. 

supply, copia, -ae, f. 

surpass, supero, -are, -àw, -àtus; 
praesto, -àre, -stt, -stitus. 

surrender, n., deditio, -dnis, f. 

surrender, v., dedo, -ere, -didi, 
-ditus; trado, -ere, -didi, -ditus. 

survive, supersum, -esse, -fui. 

suspicion, suspicio, -dnis, f. 

swamp, palüs, -üdis, f. 


swift, celer, celeris, celere; veloz, 
velocis. 
swiftly, celeriter. 
swiftness, celeritàs, -tàtis, f. 
sword, gladius, gladi, m. 
T 
table, ménsa, -ae, f. 
take, capio, -ere, cepi, captus; 


sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptus. 


take back, recipio, -ere, -cépi, 
-ceptus. 

take by storm, expugno, -àre, -àvi, 
-atus. 

tall, altus, -a, -um; longus, -a, 
-um. 


teach, doceo, -ére, -ui, doctus. 
teacher, magister, -iri, m. 
tell, nàrró, -dre, -àwi, -átus. 
ten, decem. 

tenth, decimus, -a, -um. 
territory, pl. of finis, -is, m. 
than, quam. 


510 


LATIN LESSONS 


that, conj., wit; not expressed after | two, duo, duae, duo. 


verbs of saying, thinking, and 
the like. 

that, demon. pron., is, ea, id; ille, 
illa, illud. 

that of yours, iste, ista, istud. 


that; ^ rel; prote gui sauce, 
quod. 

theirs, gen. pl. of s; suus, -a, -um, 
(reflexive). 

there, 251. 


thing, res, rei, f. 

think, puto, -dre, -àvi, -àtus; ar- 
bitror, -àrv, -Gtus sum; existimo, 
-üre, -avi, -atus. 

third, tertiws, -a, -um. 

this, hic, haec, hoc. 

thousand, mille. 

three, (res, (ria. 

through, per, with acc. 

throw, iacio, -ere, 4eci, iactus. 

throw back, reicio, -ere, -ieci, 
-iectus. 

time, lempus, -oris, n. 

tired, defessus, -a, -um. 

to, ad, with aee. 

toil, labor, -dris, m. 

tongue, lingua, -ae, f. 

top, summus, -a, -um. 

torture, crucidtus, -üs, m. 

toward, ad, with ace. 

tower, turris, -is, f. 

town, oppidum, -, n. 

tree, arbor, -oris, f. 

trench, fossa, -ae, f. 

troops, cópiae, -àrum, f. 

trumpet, tuba, -ae, f. 

trust, credo, -ere, -didi, -ditus. 

try, cónor, -Gri, -dtus sum. 

tumult, twmultus, -üs, m. 

twenty-five, viginti quinque. 


two hundred, ducenti, -ae, -a. 


U 


unconquerable, invictus, -a, -wm. 

under, sub, see 335. 

understand, inlellego, -ere, -é27, 
-lectus. 

undertake, incipio, -ere; 
-ceptus. - 

unfriendly, inimicus, -a, -um. 

unite, coniungo, -ere, -iünzi, -iünc- 
tus. 

unless, nisi. 

unlike, dissimilis, -e. 

unwilling, nolo, nolle, nolui. 

upon, zn (with ace. or abl.). 

upper, superior, -ius. 

us, pl. of ego. 

use, uwlor, uli, üsus sum. 

useful, utilis, -e. 

useless, inütilis, -e. 


-cépi, 


V 
vain (in), früstra. 

valor, vir(üs, -ütis, f. 

van, primum agmen. 

Veneti, Veneti, -drum, m. 

very (superlative). 

victor, victor, -oóris, m. 

victory, victoria, -ae, f. 

view, conspectus, -üs, m. 

village, vicus, -?, m. 

violence, vis, (genitive wanting), f. 
virtue, virtts, -ütis, f. 

visit, adeo, -ire, -iwi, -itus. 

voice, vox, vocis, f. 


W 


wage, gero, -ere, gessi, gestus. 
wall, mürus, -1, m. 


ENGLISH-LATIN 


want, inopia, -ae, f. 

war, bellum, -i, n. 

warn, moneo, -ére, -ui, -itus. 

war-ship, navis longa. 

watch, vigilia, -ae, 
-0dis, m. 

water, aqua, -ae, f. 

way, via, -ae, f. 

we, nos. 

weapon, (celum, -i, n. 

weary, défessus, -a, -um. 

weather (stormy), hiems, hiemis, 
f.; tempestas, -tatis, f. 

well, bene. 

what, quis, quid (substantive); 
qui, quae, quod. (adjective). 

when, cum, ubi. 

where, ubi. 

wherefore, cür. 

whether, utrum, num. 

which, qui, quae, quod. 

which of two, uter, utra, utrum. 

white, albus, -a, -wm. 

who, qui, quae, quod (relative) ; 
quis, quid (interrog.). 

whole, (totus, -a, -wm. 

why, cür, quamobrem. 

wide, làtus, -a, -wm. 

width, latitüdo, -inis, f. 

willing, volo, velle, volui. 

wind, ventus, -1, m. 

wing (of an army), cornü, -üs, n. 

winter, n., hiems, hiemis, f. 

winter quarters, hiberna, -drum, 
n. 


I 


custos, 


VOCABULARY oll 

wisely, sapienter. 

wish, volo, velle, volui. 

with, cum, with abl. 

withdraw, ereo, -ire, -i (-wi), 
-itus; redüco, -ere, -düxi, -duc- 
tus. 

without, sine, with abl. 

withstand, swstined, 
-tentus. 

woman, femina, -ae, f. 

woods, silva, -ae, f. 

word, verbum, -7, n. 

work, n., opera, -ae, f. 

work, v., laboro, -àre, -àvi, -àtus. 

worn out, defessus, -a, -wm. 

worse, peior, petus. 

would that, utinam. 

wound, n., vulnus, -eris, n. 


-ere, -ui, 


wound, v., vulnero, -àre, -àw, 
-atus. 

wretched, miser, -era, -erum. 

write, scribd, -ere,  |scripsi, 
scriptus. 


wrong, iniüria, -ae, f. 
hu 
year, annus, -i, m. 
yet, (amen. 
yoke, iugum, -7, n. 
you, (à, tut. 
young, iuvenis, -e. 
young man, adulescens, -centis, m. 
your, (uus, -a, -um; vester, -tra, 
-irum. 
yourself, (ui (reflexive). 


INDEX 


References are to sections 


A 
à or ab with ablative of agent, 
. 140, 620; 
place whence, 76, 617 ; 
place in which, 76, 617. 
abbreviations, 561. 
ablative case, . 
absolute, 463, 464, 632 ; 
adverbially, 383 ; 
of accompaniment, 102, 618; 
after a comparative, 221, 624 ; 
of agent, 140, 620; 
of cause, 195, 622; 
of degree of difference, 247, 
25950,1025; 
of manner, 114, 619; 
of means, 65, 616; 
of quality, 441, 631; 
of separation, 316, 627 ; 
of specification, 204, 623 ; 
of time, 147, 621; 
with ator, ete., 375, 630; 
with prepositions, 332, 628 ; 
with dé or ex instead of the 
genitive of the whole, 260, 
626 ; 
with quaeró and peto, 400, 439. 
accent, see Introduction. 
accompaniment, 102, 618. 
accusative case, 
adverbially, 382, 615; 
of direct object, 16, 610; 
duration of time, 286, 612; 


extent of space, 286, 612; 
place whither, 76, 278, 611; 
subject of infinitive, 307, 613; 
with prepositions, 333, 614. 
acer, declension, 570; 
comparison, 576. 
acriter, comparison, 578. 
ad, with accusative, place to 
which, 76, 611. 
adjectives, 674, 678; 
agreement of, 40, 637 ; 
kinds of, 36, 144; 
of first and second declen- 
sions, 36; 
of third declension, one termi- 


nation, 158; two termina- 
tions, 152; three termina- 
tions, 144, a; 


of peculiar declension, 290; 

comparison, regular, 214, 678, 
irregular, 225, 226, 234, 235, 
236, 237, 577; with magis 
and mazime, 237. 

meaning of comparatives, 214, 
a: 

meaning of superlatives, 214, a; 

declension of comparatives, 
PATE SY 13 i 

declension of superlatives, 218 ; 

ending in er, 225; 

five ending in lis, 226; 

with dative, 230, 269, 603, 604; 

numerals, 326, 579, 676. 


313 


314 


INDEX 


References are to sections 


adverbs, 703-706; 
243 ; 
formation, 243; 
comparison, 244 ; 
adverbial accusative, 
615. 
agent, expressed by ablative with 
à or ab, 140, 620; 
expressed by dative with pas- 
sive periphrastic, 531, 609. 
ager, declension, 564. 
agreement of adjectives, 40, 637 ; 
of appositives, 187, 635; 
of possessive pronouns, 415, a, 
418; 
of relative pronouns, 395, 638; 
of verb with subject, 17, 636. 
aliquis, declension, 585. 
alius, declension, 574. 
alphabet, see Introduction. 
amicus, declension, 564. 
answers, 20, 68, 97. 
article, see Introduction. 
audio, 589. 


382, 


B 
base, 6, b. 
bellum, declension, 564. 
bene, comparison, 578. 
bonus, declension, 569. 
comparison, 577. 


C 


Caesar Phrases, 151, 175, 242, 
250, 281, 331, 339, 437, 462, 
526. 

capio, conjugation, 590. 

caput, declension, 106. 

cardinals, 676; list of, 326, 579; 

indeclinable, 326, a. 


derivation, | cases, names and uses, 2, 669- 


672. 
causal clauses, 471; 473,2; 644. 
cause, expressed by ablative, 195, 
622. 
circumstantial clauses, 470, 643. 
citerior, comparison, 236, 577. 
commands, 496. 
comparative, declension, 216, 217, 
573; followed by ablative, 
221, 624; meaning, 214, a. 
comparison of adjectives, 
regular, 214; 
irregular, 225, 226, 
200, 297, 0045 
positive wanting, 236; 
ending in er, 225; 
six ending in lis, 226; 
of adverbs, 243, 578. 
complementary infinitive, 
649. 
composition, 150, 179. 
compound nouns, 266, a, b. 
compound verbs, 419. 
concessive clauses, 472, 645. 
conditional sentences, 478-482, 
646, 647. 
conjugations, 107 ; 
how distinguished, 107 ; 
porto, 586 ; 
moneo, 587 ; 
düco, 588; 
audio, 589; 
capio, 590; 
sum, possum, 591; 
volo, nolo, malo, 592; 
fero, 593; 
eo, 594 ; 
fio, 595. 
conjunctions, 708. 


234, 235, 


176, 


INDEX 


915 


References are to sections 


consonants, how pronounced, see 
Introduetion. 

consul, declension, 565. 

cornt, declension, 566. 

corpus, declension, 106. 

cum clauses, 469. 


D 


dative case, 
of agent, 531, 609; 
with adjectives, 230, 269, 603, 
604 ; 
with compound verbs, 
606 ; 
of indirect object, 56, 602 ; 
with intransitive verbs, 499, 
605 ; 
of possessor, 514, 608 ; 
of purpose, 508, 607. 
dé or ex, with ablative instead of 
genitive of the whole, 260, 
626. 
dea, declension, 568. 
declensions, how distinguished, 
22. 
firsts 5; 5037 
second, 22, 32, 564; 
third, 90, 91, 99, 106, 118, 119, 
565; 
fourth, 256, 566; 
fifth, 264, 567. 
definite measurements, 
601. 
demonstrative 
582. 
deponent verbs, 370. 
descriptive, ablative, or genitive, 
441, 600, 631. 
deus, declension, 568. 
diés, declension, 265, 567. 


419, 


441, a, 


pronouns, 431, 


difficilis, comparison, 226. 

diphthongs, pronunciation, 
Introduction. 

direct object, 16, 610. 

diü, comparison, 578. 

domus, declension, 568 ; 

in expressions of place, 278, 

634. 

double questions, 438. 

düco, conjugation, 588. 

duo, declension, 575. 


see 


E 


e or ex, place out of which, 76, 
617. 

ego, deelension, 580. 

English Grammar, 653-715. 

English-Latin Letter, 556. 

eó, conjugation, 594. 

esse, often omitted, 447 ?. 

ex with ablative instead of geni- 
tive of the whole, 260, 626. 

exercitus, declension, 506. 

extent of space, 286, 612. 

exterus, comparison, 577. 


F 


facile, comparison, 578. 
facilis, comparison, 576. 
fearing, verbs of, 353!. 
feminine gender, see Introduc- 
tion. 
fer6, conjugation, 593. 
filius, vocative, 23, b. 
fid, conjugation, 595. 
flamen, declension, 565. 
fortis, declension, 571 ; 
comparison, 576. 
fortiter, comparison, 578. 
frater, declension, 565. 


316 INDEX 


References are to sections 


fruor, followed by ablative, 375, I 


630. i, takes place of j, Introduction. 
future tense, formation, 51,|i-stems, 118, i19. 
181. idem, declension, 582. 


future perfect, formation, 72, 135. | idoneus, comparison, 577. 
ignis, declension, 565. 
G ille, declension, 582. 
gender, 667; rules for, see Intro- | imperative, 494, 692. 
duction ; imperfect, distinguished from 
in first declension, 5; perfect, 501, 732. 
in second declension, 22, 32; |imper6, governs dative and sub- 
in third declension, 90; junctive, 361. 
in fourth declension, 256; impersonal verbs, 534. 
in fifth declension, 264. in, with accusative and ablative, 
genitive case, 334. 
of description or quality, 441, , indefinite pronouns, 444. 


600 ; indirect discourse, 303, 304, 402, 
of definite measurement, 441, a, 554, 652. 
601; indirect object, 56, 602. 


of the whole, 260, 599; 
of possession, 27, 598. 
gerund, 517. 
gerundive, 518. 


indirect question, 402, 642. 

inferus, comparison, 577. 

infinitives, 693, 694; 
formation, 302 ; 


gerundive construction, 519; 

takes dative of agent, 531, 609; 

used with ad to express pur- 
pose, 5223; 

used with causa to express 
purpose, 5221; 


used with sum to form pas-. 


sive periphrastie, 528; 


complementary, 176, 649; 

used as subject, 476!; 

in indirect discourse, 303, 554, 
652; 

takes accusative as subject, 
B025.018^ 

time denoted by, 304, 648; 

in eompounds esse omitted, 


with sum implies duty or 447?; 
necessity, 528. not used to express purpose, 
353. 
Hs inflection, 673, 685. 
hic, declension, 582. inimicus, distinguished from hos- 


historical tenses, 363. tis, 267. 
hostis, declension, 565; instrumental ablative, 65, 616. 
distinguished from inimicus, | intensive pronoun, 432. 
267. interior, comparison, 577. 


INDEX 


317 


References are to sections 


interjections, 709. 
interrogative pronouns, 399. 
id verbs of the third conjugation, 
320, 590. 
ipse, declension, 582. 
irregular adjectives, comparison, 
2252920:9284:9253230 2 237; 
Docs 
irregular verbs, sum, 591. 
possum, eo, fero, fio, volo, nolo, 
malo, 591—595. 
is, deleension, 582; 
used as pronoun, 406. 
iste, declension, 582. 
iubeo, governs jnfinitive, 433. 
iüdex, declension, 99. 
iuvenis, comparison, 577. 


J 
j, supplied by i, see Introduction. 


L 
làte, comparison, 578. 
Latin Phrases, 560. 
Latin in Science, 557. 
Latin words in the Constitution, 

559. 

Latin Quotations, 562. 
Latin Songs, pages 215-218. 
length of syllables, Introduction. 
length of vowels, Introduction. 
US. | English derivatives, 100. 
libero 
locative case, 278. 
locus, gender, 267. 
long vowels, see Introduetion. 
longior, declension, 217. 


M 
magis, used in comparison, 237. 
magnopere, comparison, 578. 


magnus, comparison, 577 ; 
declension, 37. 

male, comparison, 578. 

malo, conjugation, 592. 

malus, comparison, 577. 

manner, ablative of, 114, 619. 

mare, declension, 565. 

masculine gender, see Introduc- 

tion. 

means, ablative of, 65, 616. 

melior, declension;573. - 

meus, 415. 

mile, how expressed, 283, a. 

miles, declension, 565. 

mille, how used, 283. 

miser, declension, 60; 
comparison, 576. 

miseré, comparison, 578. 

moneo, 587. 

multus, comparison, 577. 


N 


né, introducing negative clause 
of purpose, 353 ; 
introducing negative 
mands, 348, 496; 
after verbs of fearing, 353!. 
ne, enclitic, 20. 
neuter gender, see Introduction. 
nolo, conjugation, 592. 
nominative case, 670; 
subjeet of finite verb, 15, 596; 
of pronouns expressed only 
for emphasis, 4121; 
predieate nominative, 28, 597, 
ARE ORY: 
nonne, 68. 
nós, declension, 580. 
noster, formation and declen- 
sion, 415, a. 


com- 


318 


INDEX 


References are to sections 


nouns, 653-658; 
first declension, 5, 563; 
second declension, 22, 32, 564; 


passive, compound forms, 135. 
penult, when accented, see In- 
troduction. 


third declension, 90, 99, 106,| perfect, distinguished from im- 


115.505, 

fourth declension, 256, 566; 
fifth declension, 264, 567 ; 
compound nouns, 266 ; 
parsing, 94. 

num, 68. 

number, 668. 

numerals, list of, 579; 
indeclinable, 326, a. 


O 
object, direct, 16, 610, 672, 711; 
indirect, 56, 602. 

Oral Exercises, 21, 31, 59, 69, 
S398, 10a L7 0125; 143) 
166, 191, 198, 207, 224, 233, 
272, 289, 295, 312, 319, 325, 
351, 358, 369, 378, 386, 398, 
405, 414, 422, 430. 

ordinals, list of, 579. 


D 


páreó, governs dative, 499. 
parsing, nouns, 94 ; 
verbs, 188. 
participles, 455, 702; 
agreement, 456; 
declension, 456; 
time denoted, 457 ; 
how translated, 456, a; 
future, with sum to form active 
periphrastie, 527 ; 
in deponent verbs, 370, a. 
partitive genitive, 260 !. 
parum, comparison, 578. 
parvus, comparison, 577. 


À 


perfect, 50!, 732. 
periphrastic conjugations, 
528. 
personal endings, 11, 71, 132. 
personal pronouns, 406, 660; 
supplied by £s, 406. 
peto, governs accusative and ab- 
lative, 439. 
phrases, Latin, 560. 
place, whence, where, whither, 
76; 
with names of towns, eto., 
278. 
porto, conjugation, 586. 
possession, genitive of, 27, 598. 
possessive pronouns, 415. 
possessor, dative of, 514, 608. 
possum, composition, 173 ; 
conjugation, 591. 
posterus, comparison, 577. 
postquam, in temporal clauses, . 
473}. 
poténs, declension, 572. 
potior, governs ablative, 
630. 
predicate nominative, 28, 597, 
712. 
prepositions, 707; govern accu- 
sative, 333, 614; govern ab- 
lative, 332, 628. 
principal parts of verbs, 45; 
why so called, 45. 
principal tenses, 363. 
prior, comparison, 577. 
pronouns, personal, 406, 660; 
order, 412!; 


527, 


375, 


INDEX 


319 


References are to sections 


pronouns, reflexive, 407, 665; 
possessive, 415; 
agreement, 415, a; 
gender, 418; used substan- 
tively, 4202; demonstrative, 
431, 663 ; intensive, 432; in- 
terrogative, 399, 662; rela- 
tive; 392; -395,-, 66E; &rin- 
definite, 444, 664. 
pronunciation, see Introduction. 
propior, comparison, 577. 
puer, declension, 564. 
pulcher, declension, 61. 
pulchré, comparison, 578. 
purpose, clauses of, 
subjunctive with wt or ne, 353 ; 
22805222 0-640: 


subjunctive with qui, 3961, 

2302 50 

gerundive construction with 
dd, 522; 3; 

gerundive construction with 
causa, 522, 4; 


expressed by the dative, 508- 
607 ; 
not expressed by infinitive, 353. 


Q 


quaero, governs accusative and 
ablative, 400. 

quality, genitive, 441, 600; abla- 
tive, 441, 631. 

quam, omitted after comparative, 
221, 624; 

when used, 221 !. 

quamquam, with indicative, 473, 
21 

quantity, vowels and syllables, 
see Introduction. 


questions, direct, 20; indirect, 
402; double, 438. 

qui, declension, 583. 

qui, equivalent to wt and personal 
pronoun, 396 !. 

quis, declension, 584. 

quod, in causal clauses, 473, 2. 

quoniam, in eausal clauses, 473, 2. 

quotations, Latin, 562. 


R 
Readings: 
Via Appia, 44; 
Carolus et Poma, 89; 
Equus Marci, 131; 
Cincinnatus, 172; 
Magnus Imperator, 212; 
Cornelia et Ornamenta, 255; 
Forum Romanum, 301 ; 
Tarpeia, 346 ; 
Nasica et Ennius, 391; 
Fabulae Faciles, 454; 
Domus Romana, 493 ; 
Virgines Vestales, 539; iV 
Caesar, pages 262-273. 
reflexive pronouns, 407, 665. 
relative pronouns, 392, 661. 
res, declension, 567. 
result, clauses of, 379, 641. 
review, Lessons 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, 
35, 41, 47, 56, 61, 68, 69, 
On C 
of eases, Lessons 68, 69. 
of subjunctives, Lesson 70. 


S 


semi-deponent verbs, 511. 
senex, comparison, 577. 
separation, ablative of, 316, 627. 
sequence of tenses, 364. 


320 . 


INDEX 


References are to sections 


. Si, introducing conditions, 478. 
Sight Reading, 88, 130, 171, 211, 
254, 263, 300, 345, 390, 453, 
492. 
similis, governing dative, 230; 
governing genitive, 230!. 
Songs, pages 215-218. 
soror, declension, 91. 
space, extent of, 286, 612. 
specification, ablative of, 204, 
623. 
State Mottoes, 558. 
stem, of nouns, 118, a; of verbs, 
46. 
sub with accusative and ablative, 
334. 
subject, of finite verb, 15, 596; 
agreement of verb, 17, 636; 
of infinitive, 307, 613; 
not expressed, 11. 
subjunctive, translation, 347, a; 
in causal clauses, 471, 644; 
in circumstantial clauses, 470, 
643 ; 


in concessive clauses, 492, 
645 ; 

in conditional clauses, 480, 
482, 646, 647; 


in purpose clauses, 353, 640; 
in result clauses, 379, 641; 
in temporal clauses, 470 ! ; 
in indirect discourse, 554, 652; 
in indirect questions, 402 
642 ; 
volitive, 348, 639. 
sui, declension, 581. 
sum, conjugation, 591. 
superus, comparison, 577. 
suus, formation and declension, 
415. 


syllables, how many, how di- 
vided, quantity, see Intro- 
duction. 

synopsis, 686. 


T 


temporal clauses, 470}. 
tenses, 695-700; principal and 
historical, 363; 
sequence of, 364. 
time, when, 147, 621; 
duration of, 286, 612. 
towns, construction with names 
of, 278, 634. 
trés, declension, 575. 
ti, declension, 580. 
tuba, declension, 563. 
tuus, formation and declension, 
415. 


U 


ubi, in temporal clauses, 473, 1. 

ulterior, comparison, 577. 

ünus, declension, 574. 

urbs, declension, 565. 

ut, introducing clauses of pur- 
pose, 353, 641; of result, 379, 
642; of negative result (ut 
non), 379, 642; 

with verbs of fearing, 3531, 

641; translated ‘‘ as ’’ when 
followed by the indicative, 
see Vocabulary. 

ütor, governs ablative, 375, 630. 

utrum ... an, 438. 


v 

vélóx, comparison, 576. 

verbs, 679-702; agreement with 
subject, 17, 636; 


INDEX $21 


References are to sections 


verbs, personal endings, 11, 71, 

132; 

first conjugation, 586; 

second conjugation, 587 ; 

third conjugation, 588; 

fourth conjugation, 589; 

conjugations distinguished, 107; 

stems, how found, 47, 70, 135; | 

deponents, 370; 
why so ealled, 3701; 

how distinguished, 370; 

compounded with preps., 419, 
606 ; 

impersonal, 534, 682; 

parsing, 188; 


irregular, see swm, possum, ed, 
fero, fo, volo, nolo, malo. 
vester, formation and declension, 
415. 
vir, declension, 564. 
vis, declension, 568. 
Vocabularies, Latin-English, page 
295 ; 
English-Latin, page 299. 
vocative case, 2, 6, a, 633; form 
of, 23, a and b. 
volitive subjunctive, 348, 639. 
volo, conjugation, 592. 
vowels, quantity, long, short, see 
Introduction. 


"un 
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Debes 


t 


LATIN 


New Latin Composition 


By Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT, of Cornell University. I2mo, 
cloth, 286 pages.. Price, $1.00. Bound separately: 

Part I, 12mo, cloth, 144 pages. Price, 60 cents. 

Parts II-III, 12mo, cloth, 176 pages. Price, 60 cents. 


HIS book is intended to furnish enough material for all the 
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author's conviction is that the primary function of Latin Compo 
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ranged in the systematic order of the grammars and are illustrated 
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Each lesson contains first grammatical principles, with refer. 
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Part II has the same plan, but is based on Cicero. 

Part III contains exercises in connected discourse, with foot. 
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specimen examination papers and a complete vocabulary. 


Latin Composition 


By Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT, of Cornell University, 16mo 
cloth, 172 pages. Price, 80 cents. 
N scope and plan the Composition is the same as the Latir 
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and the two books may be used in alternate years. The differ 
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23 


LATIN 


A Junior Latin Book 


With Notes, Exercises, and Vocabulary, by Professors JOHN C. ROLFE, 
University of Pennsylvania, and WALTER DENNISON, Swarthmore 
College. Revised edition, 12mo, half leather, 566 pages. Price, $1.25. 


HIS book will appeal to teachers who believe in reading a 
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The Contents are: — 

Three Pages of Fables. 

Selections based on Eutropius, covering Roman History to 
the time of Cicero. 

Viri Ronize — The Lives of Casar, Cicero, and Augustus. 

Nepos— The Lives of Miltiades, Themistocles, Pausanias, 
Epaminondas, Hamilcar, Hannibal, and Cato. 

Ceesar’s Gallic War, Books I and II. E 

Caesar's Civil War, Selections from Books I, II, III. 

The book contains exercises in Latin Composition based on the 
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Gradatim 


An Easy Latin Translation Book for Beginners. By H. R. HEATLEY 
and H. N. KINGDON. Revised by J. W. SCUDDER, Latin Master in 
the Albany Academy. 16mo, cloth, 230 pages. Price, 50 cents. 


RADATIM offers an excellent selection of easy reading- 

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32 


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